Data and debates about the role of women in the digital world are gaining increasing importance in the study of gender and the digital economy. This paper explores the complex relationship of the ...role of women in the digital economy over the last two decades. The analysis used a review of the literature of scientific works and documents of official international institutions. All available sources indicate progress in recent years, but challenges remain. Several samples were created, and quantitative analysis assessed trends over time. The general conclusions suggest that the role of women in the digital economy is increasingly pronounced and significant. The results of the study confirm global expectations that promote the role of women in the digital economy (glass ceilings), where women work in key positions (women on boards) and participate in decision-making (glass cliffs). The regression econometric model shows that the role of women in the digital economy is increasingly important to recognize women who use Internet networks to a greater extent (business, social), those with above basic overall digital skills, as well as ICT experts. The paper ends with a list of potential recommendations for the modern framework of the digital economy.
Efficiency has long played a central role in the contested terrain of public administration values. This paper analyzes the existing business processes and explores how to determine the optimal model ...of business processes in the Tax Administration. The goal of this model of bussines is to increase business efficiency and reflecting on all users of the Tax Administration.
Technology acts as a gateway and has a significant role in shaping an organisation. It helps the workforce in organisations become more effective in their day-to-day work, which in turn helps the ...organisation achieve its productivity. In this research, the role of technology is linked to Electronic Human Resources Management (E-HRM). Along the similar lines, the concept of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) relates to employees and their behaviour towards the organisation, which corresponds to the productivity of the employees from their job duties. The current research performed helps arrive at a conclusion about the relationship between EHRM and OCB. The primary data collected was through a structured questionnaire, and we used a purposive sampling technique to analyse the results. 20 Information Technology (IT) organisations and 100 respondents participated in the research. A multiple regression test is used to predict the outcome of the research across all the dimensions of OCB and its relationship with E-HRM. The study revealed the behaviour patterns of employees while they are using technology at work. These findings are significant in nature as they help the top management of IT organisations evaluate the causes of employee behaviour towards technology.
Učinkovitost je dugo vremena zanemarivana u području javne uprave. U teorijskom dijelu ove doktorske disertacije determinirana je uloga i važnost organizacijskih teorija na mikro i makro razini. ...Zadnji pomak u procjeni učinkovitosti javne uprave bio je s doktrinom novog javnog menadžmenta na temelju poslovnih metoda. U radu se analiziraju postojeći poslovni procesi te se istražuje na koji način utvrditi optimalni model poslovnih procesa u radu Porezne uprave s ciljem povećanja efikasnosti poslovanja i reflektiranja na sve korisnike usluga Porezne uprave.
Porezna je uprava upravna organizacija u sustavu Ministarstva financija čija je temeljna zadaća primjena poreznih propisa i propisa o plaćanju obveznih doprinosa. Svatko je dužan sudjelovati u podmirenju javnih troškova u skladu sa svojim ekonomskim mogućnostima.
Pri unaprjeđenju procesa mora biti omogućeno mjerenje učinkovitosti, inače nije moguće dokazati je li u modificiranom poslovnom procesu došlo do poboljšanja. Tijekom istraživanja identificiran je određeni broj ključnih pokazatelja uspješnosti koji se mogu koristiti za mjerenje učinkovitosti. Ključni su pokazatelji uspješnosti mjere kojima se periodično mogu ocijeniti, usporediti i postaviti mjerila za rad organizacija, poslovnih jedinica i odjela, službi i djelatnika. Na organizacijskoj razini, ključni pokazatelji uspješnosti koristit će se za ocjenu i praćenje različitih fenomena u procesima Porezne uprave. Ključni pokazatelji uspješnosti definirani su kao dio hijerarhijskog funkcioniranja i procesa donošenja odluka.
Glavni dio disertacije sadrži objašnjenje predloženih izmjena koje mogu pomoći Poreznoj upravi pri unaprjeđenju učinkovitosti i efikasnosti te postizanju njezinih ciljeva i strategije. Izmjene su podijeljene u dvije grupe: prvu grupu čine prijedlozi izmjena koje su proizašle kao rezultat reorganizacije; a drugu grupu čine oni prijedlozi izmjena koji su predloženi na temelju međunarodnih najboljih praksi i iskustava poreznih stručnjaka. Predložene promjene podijeljene su u pet različitih domena: organizacijske promjene, regulativne promjene, promjene postojećih poslovnih procesa, opće promjene i promjene zasnovane na najboljoj praksi.
Prema rezultatima dobivenim u doktorskoj disertaciji moguće je uspješno provesti promjenu poslovnih procesa te na taj način povećati učinkovitost Porezne uprave i unaprijediti odnose s korisnicima usluga.
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U skladu s tim u doktorskoj disertaciji predložene su promjene na organizacijskoj razini, promjene regulative, promjene u tijeku poslovnih procesa i opće promjene koje bi u konačnici dovele do povećanja učinkovitosti Porezne uprave kao i unaprjeđenju odnosa s korisnicima usluga Porezne uprave.
Učinkovitost je dugo vremena zanemarivana u području javne uprave. U teorijskom dijelu ove doktorske disertacije determinirana je uloga i važnost organizacijskih teorija na mikro i makro razini. Zadnji pomak u procjeni učinkovitosti javne uprave bio je s doktrinom novog javnog menadžmenta na temelju poslovnih metoda. U radu se analiziraju postojeći poslovni procesi te se istražuje na koji način utvrditi optimalni model poslovnih procesa u radu Porezne uprave s ciljem povećanja efikasnosti poslovanja i reflektiranja na sve korisnike usluga Porezne uprave.
Porezna je uprava upravna organizacija u sustavu Ministarstva financija čija je temeljna zadaća primjena poreznih propisa i propisa o plaćanju obveznih doprinosa. Svatko je dužan sudjelovati u podmirenju javnih troškova u skladu sa svojim ekonomskim mogućnostima.
Pri unaprjeđenju procesa mora biti omogućeno mjerenje učinkovitosti, inače nije moguće dokazati je li u modificiranom poslovnom procesu došlo do poboljšanja. Tijekom istraživanja identificiran je određeni broj ključnih pokazatelja uspješnosti koji se mogu koristiti za mjerenje učinkovitosti. Ključni su pokazatelji uspješnosti mjere kojima se periodično mogu ocijeniti, usporediti i postaviti mjerila za rad organizacija, poslovnih jedinica i odjela, službi i djelatnika. Na organizacijskoj razini, ključni pokazatelji uspješnosti koristit će se za ocjenu i praćenje različitih fenomena u procesima Porezne uprave. Ključni pokazatelji uspješnosti definirani su kao dio hijerarhijskog funkcioniranja i procesa donošenja odluka.
Glavni dio disertacije sadrži objašnjenje predloženih izmjena koje mogu pomoći Poreznoj upravi pri unaprjeđenju učinkovitosti i efikasnosti te postizanju njezinih ciljeva i strategije. Izmjene su podijeljene u dvije grupe: prvu grupu čine prijedlozi izmjena koje su proizašle kao rezultat reorganizacije; a drugu grupu čine oni prijedlozi izmjena koji su predloženi na temelju međunarodnih najboljih praksi i iskustava poreznih stručnjaka. Predložene promjene podijeljene su u pet različitih domena: organizacijske promjene, regulativne promjene, promjene postojećih poslovnih procesa, opće promjene i promjene zasnovane na najboljoj praksi.
Prema rezultatima dobivenim u doktorskoj disertaciji moguće je uspješno provesti promjenu poslovnih procesa te na taj način povećati učinkovitost Porezne uprave i unaprijediti odnose s korisnicima usluga.
vi
U skladu s tim u doktorskoj disertaciji predložene su promjene na organizacijskoj razini, promjene regulative, promjene u tijeku poslovnih procesa i opće promjene koje bi u konačnici dovele do povećanja učinkovitosti Porezne uprave kao i unaprjeđenju odnosa s korisnicima usluga Porezne uprave.
Efficiency has long played a central role in the contested terrain of public administration values. The theoretical part of this doctoral thesis explains the role and importance of organizational theory at the micro and macro level. The new public management movement was only the latest demand that public organizations promote efficiency by adopting business methods. This paper analyzes the existing business processes and explores how to determine the optimal model of business processes in the Tax Administration. The goal of this model of bussines is to increase business efficiency and reflecting on all users of the Tax Administration.
These facts indicate that there are many opportunities for the development of business process reengineering in government institutions, such as Ministry of finance of the Republic of Croatia. The Tax Administration is the administrative organization within the Ministry of Finance whose basic task is to implement tax regulations and regulations concerning the payment of obligatory contributions. Strategic approach is based on relationship with customers (tax payers). The aim of Tax Administration of Croatia (CTA) is to become tax payer service adjusted with their obligations.
In any attempt to make improvements to processes, it must be possible to measure performance, otherwise there is no way of knowing whether, or proving that, there has been an improvement. During the research, a number of possible key performance indicators were identified. Key performance indicators are measures by which the performances of organizations, business units, and their divisions, departments and employees can be periodically assessed, compared and benchmarked.
At the organization level, key performance indicators can be used for reviewing and will be useful for tracking, in the future, the effectiveness of any proposed changes to the business processes in the Croatian Tax Administration. Key performance indicators are defined as part of a hierarchical functioning and decision-making process.
The main part of the doctoral thesis deals with explaining the benefits of the proposed changes which can help the Croatian Tax Administration to improve its effectiveness and efficiency and achieve its goals and strategy. The changes have been divided into two groups, firstly those which have been the result of the reengineering process, and secondly those which have been suggested based on international best practice and the tax experts experience. Not all the changes involve changes to the processes themselves. The changes proposed from the reengineering process have been divided into four different domains: Croatian Tax Administration organisational changes, legislative changes, workflow changes and general changes.
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Accordingly, in doctoral dissertation the suggested changes were presented within domains such as organizational changes, legislative changes, workflow changes and general changes. These changes would lead to increase efficiency of Tax Administration of Croatia and improvement of relations with tax payers.
U dinamičnom poslovnom okruženju današnjice, tržišni subjekti teže poboljšanju usluga krajnjim korisnicima, te unapređenju kvalitete poslovnih procesa, što posljedično dovodi i do unapređenja ...proizvoda i usluga kako u poduzećima tako i u državnim institucijama. Za ususret takvim izazovima, mnogi subjekti su razvili koncept bližih odnosa sa svojim klijentima uz primjenu novih modela poslovnih procesa. Razvojem novih trendova, pojavljuju se i novi modeli razmjene informacija između subjekata na tržištu. ECM (Eligible Customer Management)- upravljanje odnosima s povlaštenim klijentima je potpuno novi koncept u poslovanju koji svoje uporište nalazi u već postojećem CRM-u (Customer Relationship Management)- upravljanju odnosima s klijentima. Ovaj rad ima za cilj utvrditi relevantna obilježja strateškog razvoja modela CRM i ECM u poduzećima i državnim institucijama i primjenu određenih „povlastica“ u poduzećima, ali i „povlastica“ koje su uvele pojedine članice Europske Unije, a kroz nulte ili snižene porezne stope.
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusions (CTO). Background Despite technical ...advancements, there is a paucity of data on long-term outcomes after PCI of CTO. Methods We evaluated long-term clinical outcomes in 1,791 patients who underwent PCI of 1,852 CTO at 3 tertiary care centers in the United States, South Korea, and Italy between 1998 and 2007. Median follow-up was 2.9 years (interquartile range: 1.5 to 4.6 years). Results Procedural success was obtained in 1,226 (68%) patients. Stents were implanted in 1,160 patients (95%); 396 patients (34%) received bare-metal stents (BMS), and 764 patients (66%) received drug-eluting stents (DES). After multivariable analysis, successful CTO PCI was an independent predictor of a lower cardiac mortality (hazard ratio HR: 0.40, 95% confidence interval CI: 0.21 to 0.75, p < 0.01) and reduced need for coronary artery bypass graft surgery (HR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.40, p < 0.01); it also correlated with a strong trend toward lower all-cause mortality (HR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.40 to 1.00, p = 0.05) at 5-year follow-up. Among patients who underwent stent implantation, treatment with DES rather than BMS resulted in less target vessel revascularization at long-term follow-up (17.2% vs. 31.1%, p < 0.01); definite/probable stent thrombosis rates were similar (DES 1.7%, BMS 2.3%, p = 0.58). Within the DES subgroup, patients treated with paclitaxel-eluting stents and sirolimus-eluting stents had similar clinical outcomes. Conclusions Successful CTO PCI is associated with reduced long-term cardiac mortality and need for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Treatment of CTO with DES rather than BMS is associated with a significant reduction in target vessel revascularization with similar rates of stent thrombosis. Paclitaxel-eluting stents and sirolimus-eluting stents had similar long-term safety and efficacy outcomes.
Achieving optical gain and/or lasing in silicon has been one of the most challenging goals in silicon-based photonics because bulk silicon is an indirect bandgap semiconductor and therefore has a ...very low light emission efficiency. Recently, stimulated Raman scattering has been used to demonstrate light amplification and lasing in silicon. However, because of the nonlinear optical loss associated with two-photon absorption (TPA)-induced free carrier absorption (FCA), until now lasing has been limited to pulsed operation. Here we demonstrate a continuous-wave silicon Raman laser. Specifically, we show that TPA-induced FCA in silicon can be significantly reduced by introducing a reverse-biased p-i-n diode embedded in a silicon waveguide. The laser cavity is formed by coating the facets of the silicon waveguide with multilayer dielectric films. We have demonstrated stable single mode laser output with side-mode suppression of over 55 dB and linewidth of less than 80 MHz. The lasing threshold depends on the p-i-n reverse bias voltage and the laser wavelength can be tuned by adjusting the wavelength of the pump laser. The demonstration of a continuous-wave silicon laser represents a significant milestone for silicon-based optoelectronic devices.
An all-silicon Raman laser Rong, Haisheng; Liu, Ansheng; Jones, Richard ...
Nature,
01/2005, Letnik:
433, Številka:
7023
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The possibility of light generation and/or amplification in silicon has attracted a great deal of attention for silicon-based optoelectronic applications owing to the potential for forming ...inexpensive, monolithic integrated optical components. Because of its indirect bandgap, bulk silicon shows very inefficient band-to-band radiative electron-hole recombination. Light emission in silicon has thus focused on the use of silicon engineered materials such as nanocrystals, Si/SiO2 superlattices, erbium-doped silicon-rich oxides, surface-textured bulk silicon and Si/SiGe quantum cascade structures. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) has recently been demonstrated as a mechanism to generate optical gain in planar silicon waveguide structures. In fact, net optical gain in the range 2-11 dB due to SRS has been reported in centimetre-sized silicon waveguides using pulsed pumping. Recently, a lasing experiment involving silicon as the gain medium by way of SRS was reported, where the ring laser cavity was formed by an 8-m-long optical fibre. Here we report the experimental demonstration of Raman lasing in a compact, all-silicon, waveguide cavity on a single silicon chip. This demonstration represents an important step towards producing practical continuous-wave optical amplifiers and lasers that could be integrated with other optoelectronic components onto CMOS-compatible silicon chips.
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