Bones and Cartilage provides the most in-depth review ever assembled on the topic. It examines the function, development and evolution of bone and cartilage as tissues, organs and skeletal systems. ...It describes how bone and cartilage is developed in embryos and are maintained in adults, how bone reappears when we break a leg, or even regenerates when a newt grows a new limb, or a lizard a tail. This book also looks at the molecules and cells that make bones and cartilages and how they differ in various parts of the body and across species. It answers such questions as "Is bone always bone?" "Do bones that develop indirectly by replacing other tissues, such as marrow, tendons or ligaments, differ from one another?" "Is fish bone the same as human bone?" "Can sharks even make bone?" and many more.* Complete coverage of every aspect of bone and cartilage * Full of interesting and unusual facts * The only book available that integrates development and evolution of the skeleton * Treats all levels from molecular to clinical, embryos to evolution * Written in a lively, accessible style * Extensively illustrated and referenced * Integrates analysis of differentiation, growth and patterning * Covers all the vertebrates as well as invertebrate cartilages * Identifies the stem cells in embryos and adults that can make skeletal tissues
Estrogens have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cancers, with increasing concern regarding the overall rising incidence of disease and exposure to environmental estrogens. Estrogens, ...both endogenous and environmental, manifest their actions through intracellular and plasma membrane receptors, named ERα, ERβ, and GPER. Collectively, they act to promote a broad transcriptional response that is mediated through multiple regulatory enhancers, including estrogen response elements (EREs), serum response elements (SREs), and cyclic AMP response elements (CREs). Yet, the design and rational assignment of antiestrogen therapy for breast cancer has strictly relied upon an endogenous estrogen–ER binary rubric that does not account for environmental estrogens or GPER. New endocrine therapies have focused on the development of drugs that degrade ER via ER complex destabilization or direct enzymatic ubiquitination. However, these new approaches do not broadly treat all cancer-involved receptors, including GPER. The latter is concerning since GPER is directly associated with tumor size, distant metastases, cancer stem cell activity, and endocrine resistance, indicating the importance of targeting this receptor to achieve a more complete therapeutic response. This review focuses on the critical importance and value of GPER-targeted therapeutics as part of a more holistic approach to the treatment of estrogen-driven malignancies.
A textbook example of catalyst discovery, optimization, and commercial implementation is provided with the discovery of a class of Hf‐based non‐metallocene olefin polymerization catalysts (see ...picture; Hf orange sphere, N blue, C(Me) green, C orange), their advanced high‐throughput screening, and their industrial application in a high‐temperature solution process for the production of highly isotactic polypropylene based materials.
Epigenetics Hallgrímsson, Benedikt; Hall, Brian K
2011., 20110411, 2011, 2011-04-11
eBook
Illuminating the processes and patterns that link genotype to phenotype, epigenetics seeks to explain features, characters, and developmental mechanisms that can only be understood in terms of ...interactions that arise above the level of the gene. With chapters written by leading authorities, this volume offers a broad integrative survey of epigenetics. Approaching this complex subject from a variety of perspectives, it presents a broad, historically grounded view that demonstrates the utility of this approach for understanding complex biological systems in development, disease, and evolution. Chapters cover such topics as morphogenesis and organ formation, conceptual foundations, and cell differentiation, and together demonstrate that the integration of epigenetics into mainstream developmental biology is essential for answering fundamental questions about how phenotypic traits are produced.
Hydraulic Fracturing HALL, KEITH B.
Natural resources journal,
03/2014, Letnik:
54, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The law recognizes trespass liability for subsurface intrusions, at least in some circumstances. Further, courts sometimes have stated that ownership of land extends to the earth’s center. But such ...statements are dicta. Few courts have carefully considered the maximum extent of subsurface ownership or subsurface trespass liability. Courts in two jurisdictions have recently addressed whether a person incurs liability when he causes hydraulic fracturing fluid to intrude into the subsurface of a neighbor’s land, but the courts reached opposite conclusions, with each suggesting that public policy supported its position. Neither adequately examined the legal issues. Careful consideration of trespass concepts demonstrates that a person should not incur liability for such intrusions unless he designed the fractures to extend beneath the neighbor’s land or the fractures extended further beneath the neighbor’s subsurface than the maximum typical discrepancy between planned and actual fracture lengths. This result serves the public policy concerns addressed by each court that recently considered this issue.
For the first time, new catalysts for olefin polymerization have been discovered through the application of fully integrated high-throughput primary and secondary screening techniques supported by ...rapid polymer characterization methods. Microscale 1-octene primary screening polymerization experiments combining arrays of ligands with reactive metal complexes M(CH2Ph)4 (M = Zr, Hf) and multiple activation conditions represent a new high-throughput technique for discovering novel group (IV) polymerization catalysts. The primary screening methods described here have been validated using a commercially relevant polyolefin catalyst, and implemented rapidly to discover the new amide-ether based hafnium catalyst η2-(N,O)−(2-MeO−C6H4)(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)NHf(CH2Ph)3 (1), which is capable of polymerizing 1-octene to high conversion. The molecular structure of 1 has been determined by X-ray diffraction. Larger scale secondary screening experiments performed on a focused 96-member amine-ether library demonstrated the versatile high temperature ethylene-1-octene copolymerization capabilities of this catalyst class, and led to significant performance improvements over the initial primary screening discovery. Conventional one gallon batch reactor copolymerizations performed using selected amide-ether hafnium compounds confirmed the performance features of this new catalyst class, serving to fully validate the experimental results from the high-throughput approaches described herein.
This book is the first in a projected series on Evolutionary Cell Biology , the intent of which is to demonstrate the essential role of cellular mechanisms in transforming the genotype into the ...phenotype by transforming gene activity into evolutionary change in morphology. This book — Cells in Evolutionary Biology — evaluates the evolution of cells themselves and the role cells have been viewed to play as agents of change at other levels of biological organization. Chapters explore Darwin’s use of cells in his theory of evolution and how Weismann’s theory of the separation of germ plasm from body cells brought cells to center stage in understanding how acquired changes to cells within generations are not passed on to future generations.
Chapter 7 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/tandfbis/rt-files/docs/Open+Access+Chapters/9781315155968_oachapter7.pdf
Models of morphologically rich languages suffer from data sparsity when words are treated as atomic units. Word-based language models cannot transfer knowledge from common word forms to rarer variant ...forms. Learning a continuous vector representation of each morpheme allows a compositional model to represent a word as the sum of its constituent morphemes' vectors. Rare and unknown words containing common morphemes can thus be represented with greater fidelity despite their sparsity. Our novel neural network language model integrates this additive morphological representation into a long short-term memory architecture, improving Russian speech recognition word error rates by 0.9 absolute, 4.4% relative, compared to a robust n-gram baseline model.
New nonmetallocene catalysts for the isospecific polymerization of propylene were discovered using high-throughput screening. These hafnium heteroaryl-amido catalysts are structural analogues of the ...highly successful hafnium pyridyl-amido catalysts. Initial primary and secondary screening of a library of five thiazole-amine ligands with Zr and Hf with propylene resulted in the discovery of highly active catalysts with high activity, high molecular weight capability, and stereoinduction that ranged from low to high, depending on the ligand and activation conditions. Subsequent screening revealed that bulky aryl substituents at the N-aryl (R1), thiazole ortho position (R2) and the bridge position (R3) were preferred for high activity, although stereoinduction was lower than that observed for the pyridyl-amidos. The thiazole-amine catalysts containing a 2-methoxyphenyl substituent at R2 and activation conditions that included B(C6F5)3 formed highly isotactic polypropylene with low catalyst activity. Subsequent complexation and reactivity studies revealed that in the presence of B(C6F5)3 and trialkylaluminum reagent, demethylation of the bound ligand ether occurred, resulting in binding of the ligand in a tridentate O–, N, N– fashion. The resulting thiazole-amido phenoxide complex was prepared independently and is a highly stereospecific catalyst for the polymerization of propylene, although it exhibited low activity relative to the other thiazole-amido catalysts. This structural clue suggested that expansion of the ring formed upon orthometalation at the R2 position might be advantageous for stereocontrol. A library of imidazole-amine and thiazole-amines containing 2-methylbenzothiophene (2-MeBZT) and 2-ethylbenzofuran substituents (2-EtBZF) at R2 was prepared, complexed to Hf, and screened with propylene at 110 °C. Many of the catalysts showed high activity, high molecular weight capability, and very good stereoinduction.
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