Microsporidiosis in Humans Han, Bing; Pan, Guoqing; Weiss, Louis M
Clinical microbiology reviews,
12/2021, Letnik:
34, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular pathogens identified ∼150 years ago as the cause of pébrine, an economically important infection in silkworms. There are about 220 genera and 1,700 species of ...microsporidia, which are classified based on their ultrastructural features, developmental cycle, host-parasite relationship, and molecular analysis. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that microsporidia are related to the fungi, being grouped with the Cryptomycota as a basal branch or sister group to the fungi. Microsporidia can be transmitted by food and water and are likely zoonotic, as they parasitize a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Infection in humans occurs in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient hosts, e.g., in patients with organ transplantation, patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and patients receiving immune modulatory therapy such as anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody. Clusters of infections due to latent infection in transplanted organs have also been demonstrated. Gastrointestinal infection is the most common manifestation; however, microsporidia can infect virtually any organ system, and infection has resulted in keratitis, myositis, cholecystitis, sinusitis, and encephalitis. Both albendazole and fumagillin have efficacy for the treatment of various species of microsporidia; however, albendazole has limited efficacy for the treatment of Enterocytozoon bieneusi. In addition, immune restoration can lead to resolution of infection. While the prevalence rate of microsporidiosis in patients with AIDS has fallen in the United States, due to the widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), infection continues to occur throughout the world and is still seen in the United States in the setting of cART if a low CD4 count persists.
Purpose To evaluate bone formation after marsupialization of odontogenic keratocysts (keratocystic odontogenic tumors) of the mandible. Patients and Methods A total of 53 patients with mandibular ...odontogenic keratocysts underwent marsupialization. Clinical and radiographic examinations were done at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. The bone density of the cyst site was measured on the panoramic radiographs using the Digora. The volume of the cyst was measured by injection of saline solution into the cyst cavity. Student t test and Spearman's rank correlation were used for statistical analysis. Results Healing was uneventful in all patients. The diameter of the cysts was 4.1 to 11.0 cm (average 5.4). The panoramic radiographs showed a continuous increase in bone density of the cystic area, with a 22.42% increase at 1 month, 46.07% at 3 months, and 64.69% at 6 months postoperatively compared with the preoperative values. The decrease in cyst volume was 19.05% at 1 month, 55.62% at 3 months, and 79.67% at 6 months postoperatively. The increase in bone density and decrease in cyst volume were more significant in the first 3 months than in second 3 months ( P < .01). The increase in bone density correlated inversely with the decrease in the cyst volume ( P < .01). Conclusion Bone regeneration can occur more rapidly in large mandibular odontogenic keratocysts after marsupialization with drainage by a cyst plug. After 3 months, secondary enucleation of the cyst can be performed.
Nano-scale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is one of the most intensively studied materials for environmental cleanup uses over the past 20 years or so. Freshly prepared nZVI is highly reactive due to its ...high specific surface area and strong reducing power. Over years, the classic borohydride reduction method for preparing nZVI has been modified by use of various stabilizers or surface modifiers to acquire more stable and soil deliverable nZVI for treatment of different organic and inorganic contaminants in water and soil. While most studies have been focused on testing nZVI for water treatment, the greater potential or advantage of nZVI appears to be for in situ remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater by directly delivering stabilized nZVI into the contaminated subsurface as it was proposed from the beginning. Compared to conventional remediation practices, the in situ remediation technique using stabilized nZVI offers some unique advantages. This work provides an update on the latest development of stabilized nZVI for various environmental cleanup uses, and overviews the evolution and environmental applications of stabilized nZVI. Commonly used stabilizers are compared and the stabilizing mechanisms are discussed. The effectiveness and constraints of the nZVI-based in situ remediation technology are summarized. This review also reveals some critical knowledge gaps and research needs, such as interactions between delivered nZVI and the local biogeochemical conditions.
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•Critically reviewed applications of stabilized ZVI nanoparticles in last 20 years.•Compared effectiveness of various stabilizers and elucidated stabilizing mechanism.•Identified critical knowledge gaps and constraints of ZVI-based cleanup technology.•Stabilizers enhance soil deliverability and reactivity of nZVI for in situ remediation.•Stabilized ZVI nanoparticles do not pose significant adverse effects on biota.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious global public health challenge, but there is limited information on the connection between air pollution and risk of CKD.
The aim of this study was to ...investigate the association between long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter of less than Formula: see text (Formula: see text) and the development of CKD in a large cohort.
A total of 100,629 nonCKD Taiwanese residents age 20 y or above were included in this study between 2001 and 2014. Ambient Formula: see text concentration was estimated at each participant's address using a satellite-based spatiotemporal model. Incident CKD cases were identified by an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than Formula: see text. We collected information on a wide range of potential confounders/modifiers during the medical examinations. Cox proportional hazard regression was applied to calculate hazard ratios (HRs).
During the follow-up, 4,046 incident CKD cases were identified, and the incidence rate was 6.24 per 1,000 person-years. In contrast with participants with the first quintile exposure of Formula: see text, participants with the fourth and fifth quintiles exposure of Formula: see text had increased risk of CKD development, adjusting for age, sex, educational level, smoking, drinking, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and self-reported heart disease or stroke, with an HR 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.11 (1.02, 1.22) and 1.15 (1.05, 1.26), respectively. A significant concentration-response trend was observed (Formula: see text). Every Formula: see text increment in the Formula: see text concentration was associated with a 6% higher risk of developing CKD (HR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.10). Sensitivity and stratified analyses yielded similar results.
Long-term exposure to ambient Formula: see text was associated with an increased risk of CKD development. Our findings reinforce the urgency to develop global strategies of air pollution reduction to prevent CKD. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3304.
► High-efficient method for extraction of multiple bioactive substances from green tea. ► Sequential selective resin adsorptions to separate bioactive compounds. ► More than 95% extraction efficiency ...with 4-fold of solvent. ► High concentration and low impurities of extraction solution. ► Minimum solvent used, minimum solvent concentration and minimum equipment costs.
A highly efficient column-chromatographic extraction (CCE) followed by sequential adsorption to extract and separate bioactive compounds from green tea was developed. Tea powder was loaded into columns with 4-fold solvents and eluted through a cyclic CCE. High-quality tea extracts with greater than 90% extraction efficiencies of polyphenols, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, caffeine, theanine and polysaccharides were obtained with 4-fold water circulated five times among different columns at 70°C. Similar results, except for low polysaccharide extraction (35.5%), were obtained with 4-fold 30% ethanol circulated three times at room temperature. The highly concentrated water extraction was directly passed through columns of polyamide, DM130 macroporous and 732 ion exchange resins, resulting in high-purity polyphenols (99%), caffeine (98%) and theanine (98%) after simple purification of the eluates from each column. This method uses simple equipment, minimum solvents and can be used for both quantitative analysis and continuous preparation of high-quality tea extracts and bioactive compounds.
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•The use of arylsulfonium salts as versatile arylation reagents is summarized.•This digest describes the transition metal-catalyzed or -free arylation.•The metastable arylsulfonium ...intermediates for arylation are also discussed.
Arylsulfonium salts are versatile arylation reagents for the synthesis of functional molecules. This digest focuses on the recent advances on the transition metal-mediated or -free arylation using the stable arylsulfonium salts or the metastable arylsulfonium intermediates as arylation agents.
Deep spiking neural networks are becoming increasingly powerful tools for cognitive computing platforms. However, most of the existing studies on such computing models are developed with limited ...insights on the underlying hardware implementation, resulting in area and power expensive designs. Although several neuromimetic devices emulating neural operations have been proposed recently, their functionality has been limited to very simple neural models that may prove to be inefficient at complex recognition tasks. In this paper, we venture into the relatively unexplored area of utilizing the inherent device stochasticity of such neuromimetic devices to model complex neural functionalities in a probabilistic framework in the time domain. We consider the implementation of a deep spiking neural network capable of performing high-accuracy and lowlatency classification tasks, where the neural computing unit is enabled by the stochastic switching behavior of a magnetic tunnel junction. The simulation studies indicate an energy improvement of 20× over a baseline CMOS design in 45-nm technology.
Actuators that can convert environmental stimuli into mechanical work are widely used in intelligent systems, robots, and micromechanics. To produce robust and sensitive actuators of different ...scales, efforts are devoted to developing effective actuating schemes and functional materials for actuator design. Carbon‐based nanomaterials have emerged as preferred candidates for different actuating systems because of their low cost, ease of processing, mechanical strength, and excellent physical/chemical properties. Especially, due to their excellent photothermal activity, which includes both optical absorption and thermal conductivities, carbon‐based materials have shown great potential for use in photothermal actuators. Herein, the recent advances in photothermal actuators based on various carbon allotropes, including graphite, carbon nanotubes, amorphous carbon, graphene and its derivatives, are reviewed. Different photothermal actuating schemes, including photothermal effect–induced expansion, desorption, phase change, surface tension gradient creation, and actuation under magnetic levitation, are summarized, and the light‐to‐heat and heat‐to‐work conversion mechanisms are discussed. Carbon‐based photothermal actuators that feature high light‐to‐work conversion efficiency, mechanical robustness, and noncontact manipulation hold great promise for future autonomous systems.
This review highlights the recent advances in carbon‐based photothermal actuators. Physical properties and light‐to‐heat conversion mechanisms of various carbon‐based functional materials are summarized. Photothermal actuating schemes such as photothermal expansion, desorption, phase change, surface tension effect, and magnetic susceptibility are reviewed. The current challenges and future perspectives of this field are also discussed.
Chaotic time series widely exists in nature and society (e.g., meteorology, physics, economics, etc.), which usually exhibits seemingly unpredictable features due to its inherent nonstationary and ...high complexity. Thankfully, multifarious advanced approaches have been developed to tackle the prediction issues, such as statistical methods, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and support vector machines. Among them, the interval type-2 fuzzy neural network (IT2FNN), which is a synergistic integration of fuzzy logic systems and ANNs, has received wide attention in the field of chaotic time series prediction. This paper begins with the structural features and superiorities of IT2FNN. Moreover, chaotic characters identification and phase-space reconstruction matters for prediction are presented. In addition, we also offer a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art applications of IT2FNN, with an emphasis on chaotic time series prediction and summarize their main contributions as well as some hardware implementations for computation speedup. Finally, this paper trends and extensions of this field, along with an outlook of future challenges are revealed. The primary objective of this paper is to serve as a tutorial or referee for interested researchers to have an overall picture on the current developments and identify their potential research direction to further investigation.
Background and Aim
Although several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have reported that supplemental simethicone (SIM) can improve bowel preparation based on polyethylene glycol, there is no ...consensus as to whether SIM can ultimately increase the adenoma detection rate (ADR) during colonoscopy. A meta‐analysis was performed to assess the effect of SIM on ADR during colonoscopy.
Methods
Databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched to find relevant RCTs. RCTs evaluating the effect of pre‐procedure SIM on the ADR during colonoscopy were finally included, and fixed effect models were applied.
Results
Six trials involving 1855 patients were finally included. The present meta‐analysis suggested that the ADR during colonoscopy was significantly increased by supplemental SIM (27.9% vs 23.3%, P = 0.02), with a relative risk of 1.20 (95% confidence interval 1.03–1.39). Subgroup analysis suggested that supplemental SIM may be more useful to improve ADR during colonoscopy in endoscopic centers with low baseline ADR.
Conclusions
Supplemental SIM for bowel preparation based on polyethylene glycol is useful to improve the ADR during colonoscopy.
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