We investigated the relationship of changes in Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in South Korea. Records of 10,806,716 adults aged ≥ 20 years without ...a history of T2D between 2009 and 2015 were retrieved from database of the South Korean National Health Insurance Service and analyzed. Changes in metabolic components were monitored over a two-year period with follow-up occurring at an average of 4.087 years. During the follow-up period, 848,859 individuals were diagnosed with T2D. The risk of diabetes was lowered with a decrease in the number of MetS components at baseline and the second visit (p for trend <0.0001). Multivariable-adjusted HRs for incident diabetes were 0.645 among individuals with reduced number of MetS components, 0.54 for those with improvement in elevated fasting glucose, 0.735 for those with improvement in elevated triglycerides, 0.746 for those with improvement in elevated blood pressure, 0.763 for those with improvement in reduced HDL-cholesterol, and 0.92 for those with improvement in abdominal obesity compared with those manifesting them at both time points. In conclusion, changes in metabolic syndrome and its components were significantly associated with the development of T2D. Improvement in MetS and its components attenuated the risk of diabetes.
Few studies have investigated the impact of a change in metabolic syndrome (MetS) components on clinical renal outcomes in the general population. Using nationally representative data from the Korean ...National Health Insurance System, 13,310,924 subjects who underwent two health examinations over 2 years and were free from end-stage renal disease (ESRD) from 2009 to 2012 were followed to the end of 2016. The subjects were divided into four groups according to the change in MetS components between the two visits over 2 years: no MetS (-/-), post-MetS (-/+), pre-MetS (+/-), and both MetS (+/+). After a median follow up of 5.11 years, 18,582 incident ESRD cases were identified. In the multivariate adjusted model, the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the development of ESRD in the both-MetS (+/+) group compared with the no-MetS (-/-) group was 5.65 (95% CI, 5.42-5.89), which was independent of age, sex, and baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate. Additionally, the HR for the pre-MetS (+/-) group versus the no-MetS (-/-) group was 2.28 (2.15-2.42). In subgroup analysis according to renal function, the impact of a change in MetS on the incidence of ESRD was more pronounced in individuals with advanced renal dysfunction. Subjects with resolved MetS components had a decreased risk of ESRD, but not as low as those that never had MetS components. This provides evidence supporting the strategy of modulating MetS in the general population to prevent the development of ESRD.
The role of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in dental tissue regeneration is gaining attention because DPSCs can differentiate into odontoblasts and other specialized cell types. Epigenetic ...modification has been found to play an important role in cell differentiation and regulation, among which histone deacetylase (HDAC) is involved in suppressing genes by removing histone acetyl groups. The use of HDAC inhibitor to control this is increasing and has been widely studied by many researchers. This study aimed to induce differentiation by causing epigenetic changes in odontoblast-related genes and the MAPK signaling pathway in human dental pulp stem cells. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining showed increased expression of DMP-1, ALP, DSPP, and RUNX2 compared to the control. However, activation of the MAPK signaling system was similar to but slightly different from the expression of odontoblast-related proteins. After 3 days, as shown by MTT and LDH assays, proliferation decreased overall, but cytotoxicity decreased at only a specific concentration. We confirmed that there was no change in mRNA expression of caspase 3 or 9 using real-time PCR. In addition, flow cytometry analysis confirmed that differentiation occurred due to the decrease in the expression of the CD73 and CD146. Although overall proliferation was reduced due to the G2/M inhibition of the cell cycle, the expression of BCL-2 protected the cells from cell death. Overall, cell proliferation decreased in response to MS-275, but it did not induce cytotoxicity in 5 nM and 10 nM concentration and induces differentiation into odontoblast-like cells.
Abstract Background Menstrual cycle irregularity is common among adolescents and can induce mental health problems such as stress, depression, and suicidal ideation. We examined the association ...between mental health problems and menstrual cycle irregularity among adolescent Korean girls. Methods This population-based cross-sectional study was on 808 female adolescents (12–18 years of age) participating in the 2010–2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Psychological stress, depressive mood, suicidal ideations, suicide attempts, and psychological counseling were assessed through questionnaires and surveys, and hierarchical multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed. Results The risk of menstrual cycle irregularity tended to increase, as the number of mental health problems increased (P for trend = 0.016). High stress levels, depressive mood, and psychological counseling were associated with increased risks of menstrual cycle irregularity (odd ratio 95% confidence interval = 1.88 1.1–3.21, 2.01 1.01–4.03, and 2.92 1.16–7.34, respectively) even after adjusting for age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking status, physical activity, hemoglobin level, monthly household income, weight loss attempts, age at menarche, and sleep duration. Suicidal ideation was not significantly associated with menstrual cycle irregularity. Limitations Menstrual irregularity was evaluated based solely on subjects’ self-reports, which are subject to their subjective perceptions and appraisal. Cross-sectional design and retrospective data could not draw causal relationship. Conclusions Positive associations were observed between mental health problems and menstrual cycle irregularity among adolescent Korean girls. More attention should be paid towards mental health, to improve menstrual cycle regularity and help prevent related chronic diseases later in life.
We studied the association between living alone and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes in middle-aged individuals using nationwide cohort data from the Korean population. 11,686, 677 middle-aged ...individuals aged 40-64 years who underwent health examinations by the Korean National Health Insurance System between 2009 and 2012 were followed up until December 31, 2015. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. During the median follow-up duration of 5.6 years, 393,438 individuals developed type 2 diabetes. Living alone was significantly associated with incident type 2 diabetes in all adjusted models (HR 1.08; 95% CI 1.07-1.09 in model 4). Individuals who lived alone for < 1 year and 1-7 years were associated with increased HRs of 1.07 (1.04-1.09) and 1.08 (1.07-1.09). Living alone was associated with incident type 2 diabetes in all subgroups. The association was stronger in men than in women and younger individuals than in older individuals. Living alone, even for a short duration, may be an important factor in type 2 diabetes development. Better household conditions and appropriate support to one-person households may be needed to prevent type 2 diabetes.
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are widely used in a number of cell therapies and bone disorder treatments, and nanomagnetic particles (NMPs) also promote cell activity. In this study, we investigated ...the synergistic effects of EMFs and NMPs on the osteogenesis of the human Saos‐2 osteoblast cell line and in a rat calvarial defect model. The Saos‐2 cells and critical‐size calvarial defects of the rats were exposed to EMF (1 mT, 45 Hz, 8 h/day) with or without Fe3O4 NMPs. Biocompatibility was evaluated with MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) assays. This analysis showed that NMP and EMF did not induce cell toxicity. Quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction indicated that the osteogenesis‐related markers were highly expressed in the NMP‐incorporated Saos‐2 cells after exposure to EMF. Also, the expression of gene‐encoding proteins involved in calcium channels was activated and the calcium concentration of the NMP‐incorporated + EMF‐exposed group was increased compared with the control group. In particular, in the NMP‐incorporated + EMF‐exposed group, all osteogenic proteins were more abundantly expressed than in the control group. This indicated that the NMP incorporation + EMF exposure induced a signaling pathway through activation of p‐ERK and calcium channels. Also, in vivo evaluation revealed that rat calvarial defects treated with EMFs and NMPs had good regeneration results with new bone formation and increased mineral density after 6 weeks. Altogether, these results suggest that NMP treatment or EMF exposure of Saos‐2 cells can increase osteogenic activity and NMP incorporation following EMF exposure which is synergistically efficient for osteogenesis.
The association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) with the development of Parkinson disease (PD) is currently unclear. We sought to determine whether MetS and its components are associated with the risk ...of incident PD using large-scale cohort data for the whole South Korean population.
Health checkup data of 17,163,560 individuals aged ≥40 years provided by the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) of South Korea between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2012, were included, and participants were followed up until December 31, 2015. The mean follow-up duration was 5.3 years. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of PD were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for potential confounders. We identified 44,205 incident PD cases during follow-up. Individuals with MetS (n = 5,848,508) showed an increased risk of PD development compared with individuals without MetS (n = 11,315,052), even after adjusting for potential confounders including age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, income, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and history of stroke (model 3; HR, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.21-1.27). Each MetS component was positively associated with PD risk (HR, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.10-1.16 for abdominal obesity; 1.13, 1.10-1.15 for hypertriglyceridemia; 1.23, 1.20-1.25 for low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; 1.05, 1.03-1.08 for high blood pressure; 1.21, 1.18-1.23 for hyperglycemia). PD incidence positively correlated with the number of MetS components (log-rank p < 0.001), and we observed a gradual increase in the HR for incident PD with increasing number of components (p < 0.001). A significant interaction between age and MetS on the risk of incident PD was observed (p for interaction < 0.001), and people aged ≥65 years old with MetS showed the highest HR of incident PD of all subgroups compared to those <65 years old without MetS (reference subgroup). Limitations of this study include the possibilities of misdiagnosis of PD and reverse causality.
Our population-based large-scale cohort study suggests that MetS and its components may be risk factors of PD development.
Thiotrichinae are a subfamily of Gelechiidae with approximately 180 described species in five genera: Calliprora Meyrick, Macrenches Meyrick, Palumbina Rondani, Polyhymno Chambers and Thiotricha ...Meyrick. The subfamily was established based on two species in a recent molecular phylogenetic study of Gelechiidae, but the monophyly of each genus and the phylogenetic relationships among the genera have not been tested. To address these questions, we performed the first phylogenetic analyses based on seven molecular markers (COI, EF‐1α, GAPDH, RpS5, CAD, Wg and MDH) and 95 morphological characters for 47 ingroup and 3 outgroup taxa. Each dataset was analysed separately and together using maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony methods. The maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses produced nearly identical tree topologies for ingroup relationships, but the parsimony analysis yielded different results for some lineages. In all our analyses, Thiotrichinae formed a strongly supported monophyletic group with two other gelechiid genera, Cnaphostola Meyrick (Gelechiinae) and Semnostoma Meyrick (Apatetrinae). The genus Macrenches was recognized as the sister‐group to all other species in this clade. Polyhymno + Calliprora were found to be sister to all remaining ingroup taxa. The species‐rich group Thiotricha was non‐monophyletic, and it clustered with Palumbina, Cnaphostola and Semnostoma. The type species of Thiotricha was included in a monophyletic clade with a majority of congeneric species in the parsimony analyses, but the clade was divided into two groups in the model‐based results. The generic placement of two species Thiotricha dissobola Meyrick and T. pyrphora Meyrick was not confirmed in this study and they were placed as incertae sedis. The monophyly of Palumbina was strongly supported by both molecular data and morphological evidence. Based on genetic and morphological affinities and examination of the type specimens, four genera are synonymized with Thiotricha: Blastovalva Janse syn.n., Cnaphostola syn.n., Hierangela Meyrick syn.n. and Semnostoma syn.n. We propose two new genera for newly recognized two sub‐clades: Pulchrala gen.n. and Tenupalpa gen.n., and 15 new combinations are made: Thiotricha adamantina (Meyrick) comb.n., T. exalbida (Omelko & Omelko) comb.n., Tenupalpa angustella (Omelko) comb.n., T. biformis (Omelko) comb.n., T. flavitermina (Kyaw, Yagi & Hirowatari) comb.n., T. glenias (Meyrick) comb.n., T. nephodesma (Meyrick) comb.n., T. venustalis (Omelko) comb.n., Pulchrala clidias (Meyrick) comb.n., P. chujaensis (Park) comb.n., P. elaeocarpiella (Kyaw, Yagi & Hirowatari) comb.n., P. epiclista (Meyrick) comb.n., P. melanacma (Bradley) comb.n., P. panglycera (Turner) comb.n., and P. saulotis (Meyrick) comb.n. Revised generic concepts are provided in the study.
This published work has been registered on ZooBank,
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0E3C0EB5‐503C‐4ADC‐BE87‐A203230DE6CB.
The monophyly of Thiotrichinae is confirmed based on both molecular and morphological data, and the phylogenetic relationship among its five genera is resolved.
Polyhymno and Thiotricha which have been controversial for the taxonomic status are delimited as separate genera, and Thiotricha is resolved as a non‐monophyletic group.
With genetic and morphological evidence, four genera of Gelechiidae are synonymized with Thiotricha, and two new genera Pulchrala gen.n. and Tenupalpa gen.n. are proposed. Also, 15 new combinations are made.
Ferritin is associated with various cardiometabolic risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance in adults. We aimed to study the association between serum ...ferritin levels and dyslipidemia in adolescents, because dyslipidemia is considered an important modifiable cardiovascular risk factor in the young.
We analyzed 1,879 subjects (1,026 boys and 853 girls) from the 2009-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV. Subjects were categorized into quartiles according to their lipid parameters, which were classified according to age and gender. Those in the highest quartile groups for total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride concentrations were diagnosed as having dyslipidemia. Those in the lowest quartile for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) values were diagnosed with abnormal levels.
In boys, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglyceride concentrations were significantly correlated with serum ferritin levels. In both boys and girls, serum ferritin levels were negatively associated with HDL-C values, even after adjusting for all covariates. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between serum ferritin levels and total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride concentrations in girls.
Serum ferritin levels were significantly associated with major dyslipidemia parameters, more prominently in boys than in girls, and this association represents a cardiometabolic risk factor.
ABSTRACT Objective The association between sleep and the menstrual cycle in the adolescent population has been scarcely studied. This study aimed to investigate the association between sleep duration ...and menstrual cycle irregularity among female adolescents using nationwide representative data from the South Korean population. Methods This population-based, cross-sectional study used the data collected from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010–2012, and the data from 801 female adolescents were analyzed. Hierarchical multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risk of menstrual cycle irregularity in relation to sleep duration. Results : Subjects with menstrual cycle irregularity accounted for 15% ( N = 120). The mean sleep duration in subjects with menstrual cycle irregularity was significantly shorter than that in those without ( p =0.003). Menstrual cycle irregularity prevalence tended to decrease as sleep duration increased ( p for trend = 0.004), which was significantly different based on sleep duration and presence of depressive mood ( p =0.011). Sleep duration ≤5 h per day was significantly associated with increased risk of menstrual cycle irregularity compared with that in the subjects whose sleep duration is ≥8 h per day even after adjusting for confounding variables. The odds ratios of menstrual cycle irregularity tended to increase for shorter sleep duration in all adjusted models. Conclusion This study found a significant inverse association between sleep duration and menstrual cycle irregularity among Korean female adolescents. Increasing sleep duration is required to improve the reproductive health of female adolescents.
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