Dramatic mobile data traffic growth has spurred a dense deployment of small cell base stations (SCBSs). Small cells enhance the spectrum efficiency and thus enlarge the capacity of mobile networks. ...Although SCBSs consume much less power than macro BSs (MBSs) do, the overall power consumption of a large number of SCBSs is phenomenal. As the energy harvesting technology advances, base stations (BSs) can be powered by green energy to alleviate the on-grid power consumption. For mobile networks with high BS density, traffic load balancing is critical in order to exploit the capacity of SCBSs. To fully utilize harvested energy, it is desirable to incorporate the green energy utilization as a performance metric in traffic load balancing strategies. In this paper, we have proposed a traffic load balancing framework that strives a balance between network utilities, e.g., the average traffic delivery latency, and the green energy utilization. Various properties of the proposed framework have been derived. Leveraging the software-defined radio access network architecture, the proposed scheme is implemented as a virtually distributed algorithm, which significantly reduces the communication overheads between users and BSs. The simulation results show that the proposed traffic load balancing framework enables an adjustable trade-off between the on-grid power consumption and the average traffic delivery latency, and saves a considerable amount of on-grid power, e.g., 30%, at a cost of only a small increase, e.g., 8%, of the average traffic delivery latency.
Based on one-year's ethnographic fieldwork, this article unpacks experiences of assisted reproductive technology (ART) among queer parents and queer wannabe parents in Guangdong, China. Although ...existing state regulation on the use of ART and birth planning tends to deny parenthood to single and queer people and further limits their ability to form legible family units, queer parents who have had children through ART are growing in number in urban China. This research delineates how state and cultural conventions, together with market and economic conditions, have shaped queer individuals' decision making regarding whether, when and how to have children. Findings make an original contribution to studies of the use of reproductive technology in Chinese queer lives. Narratives regarding how queer parents employ ART services unscramble links between sexual citizenship and reproductive agency, as individuals make consumer choices and reproductive decisions synchronously. The paper also explores alleged LGBT-friendly ART companies and the image of a desirable 'rainbow baby' they have created. Chinese queer parents' participation in assisted reproduction has destabilised the dominant hetero-reproductive family matrix while simultaneously contributing to stratified reproduction.
The proliferating online social networking sites have created opportunities for Chinese queer women to meet new friends and lovers; yet, research on lesbian online dating in mainland China is scarce ...compared to heterosexual and gay online dating. This article investigates lesbian/lala women’s online dating experiences in the context of economic reforms and the trust crisis in urban China. It is based on 16 in-depth interviews and ethnographic fieldwork in Guangdong from June 2018 to July 2019. It focuses on two digital platforms: Douban Group and WeChat. This article explores how online anonymity and stranger sociality shaped queer women’s moral practices regarding turning virtual strangers into real-life partners. Queer women in this research expressed concerns about being cheated by low quality(suzhi) lovers, swindlers, and married women. This article suggests that the emerging online stranger sociality has both enabled and constrained lesbian/lala women’s practice of seeking loving relationships, while they must internalize the potential risks by themselves.
Explosive mobile data demands are driving a significant growth in energy consumption in mobile networks, and consequently a surge of carbon footprints. Reducing carbon footprints is crucial in ...alleviating the direct impact of greenhouse gases on the earth environment and the climate change. With advances of green energy technologies, future mobile networks are expected to be powered by green energy to reduce their carbon footprints. This article provides an overview on the design and optimization of green energy enabled mobile networks, discusses the energy models for the analysis and optimization of the networks, and lays out basic design principles and research challenges on optimizing the green energy powered mobile networks.
We estimate the expected precision at a multi-TeV muon collider for measuring the Higgs boson couplings with electroweak gauge bosons, HVV and HHVV (V = W±, Z), as well as the trilinear Higgs ...self-coupling HHH. At very high energies both single and double Higgs productions rely on the vector-boson fusion (VBF) topology. The outgoing remnant particles have a strong tendency to stay in the very forward region, leading to the configuration of the "inclusive process" and making it difficult to isolate ZZ fusion events from the W W fusion. In the single Higgs channel, we perform a maximum likelihood analysis on H W W and HZZ couplings using two categories: the inclusive Higgs production and the 1-muon exclusive signal. In the double Higgs channel, we consider the inclusive production and study the interplay of the trilinear HHH and the quartic VVHH couplings, by utilizing kinematic information in the invariant mass spectrum. We find that at a center-of-mass energy of 10 TeV (30 TeV) with an integrated luminosity of 10 ab−1 (90 ab−1), one may reach a 95% confidence level sensitivity of 0.073% (0.023%) for WWH coupling, 0.61% (0.21%) for ZZH coupling, 0.62% (0.20%) for WWHH coupling, and 5.6% (2.0%) for HHH coupling. For dim-6 operators contributing to the processes, these sensitivities could probe the new physics scale Λ in the order of 1–10 (2–20) TeV at a 10 TeV (30 TeV) muon collider.
A green-energy-powered cognitive radio (CR) network is capable of liberating the wireless access networks from spectral and energy constraints. The limitation of the spectrum is alleviated by ...exploiting cognitive networking in which wireless nodes sense and utilize the spare spectrum for data communications, whereas dependence on the traditional unsustainable energy is assuaged by adopting energy harvesting through which green energy can be harnessed to power wireless networks. Green-energy-powered CR increases the network availability and thus extends emerging network applications. Designing green CR networks is challenging. It requires not only the optimization of dynamic spectrum access but also the optimal utilization of green energy. This paper surveys the energy-efficient CR techniques and the optimization of green-energy-powered wireless networks. Existing works on energy-aware spectrum sensing, management, and sharing are investigated in detail. The state of the art of the energy-efficient CR-based wireless access network is discussed in various aspects, such as relay and cooperative radio and small cells. Envisioning green energy as an important energy resource in the future, network performance highly depends on the dynamics of the available spectrum and green energy. As compared with the traditional energy source, the arrival rate of green energy, which highly depends on the environment of the energy harvesters, is rather random and intermittent. To optimize and adapt the usage of green energy according to the opportunistic spectrum availability, we discuss research challenges in designing CR networks that are powered by energy harvesters.
Densest subgraph detection has become an important primitive in graph mining tasks when analyzing communities and detecting events in a wide range of application domains. Currently, it is a ...challenging and practically crucial research issue to develop efficient densest subgraphs mining approaches that can handle both very large and continuously evolving graphs. Although large-scale or dynamic methods have been proposed to find the densest subgraphs, there is still a lack of a promising method to deal with large-scale and dynamically evolving graphs. In this paper, the problem is formulated and proved to be NP-Hard, an incremental greedy approximation approach is proposed, and its running time is O(m+n). In order to find the densest subgraph effectively by heuristically merging the local densest subgraphs, firstly, the edge flow of a dynamic graph is divided into several subgraphs in a given period of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">T </tex-math></inline-formula>. Secondly, a local candidate set is generated by local denser subgraph discovery. Third, the global densest subgraph candidates are collected by heuristically merging. Last, the densest subgraphs are induced from the global densest subgraph candidates with constraints by static densest subgraph discovery algorithm. This incremental approach enables us to scale up the existing densest subgraph discovery algorithms, which focus mainly on small and static graphs and thus can handle very large dynamic graphs. Experiments on real-world networks with billions of nodes for comprehensive evaluations present excellent improvement in efficiency and accuracy: it reduces about 25% running time on average and presents a more accurate estimation of the structure of a graph with more compact subgraphs than the static method.It also performs well when dealing with graphs of varying densities.
The discovery of the Higgs boson at the LHC exposes some of the most profound mysteries fundamental physics has encountered in decades, opening the door to the next phase of experimental exploration. ...More than ever, this will necessitate new machines to push us deeper into the energy frontier. In this article, we discuss the physics motivation and present the physics potential of a proton–proton collider running at an energy significantly beyond that of the LHC and a luminosity comparable to that of the LHC. 100 TeV is used as a benchmark of the center of mass energy, with integrated luminosities of 3ab−1–30ab−1.
5G networks are expected to achieve gigabit-level throughput in future cellular networks. However, it is a great challenge to treat 5G wireless backhaul traffic in an effective way. In this article, ...we analyze the wireless backhaul traffic in two typical network architectures adopting small cell and millimeter wave communication technologies. Furthermore, the energy efficiency of wireless backhaul networks is compared for different network architectures and frequency bands. Numerical comparison results provide some guidelines for deploying future 5G wireless backhaul networks in economical and highly energy-efficient ways.
This paper showcases a substantial review on some of the significant work done on 3D printing of sensors for biomedical applications. The importance of 3D printing techniques has bloomed in the ...sensing world due to their essential advantages of quick fabrication, easy accessibility, processing of varied materials and sustainability. Along with the introduction of the necessity and influence of 3D printing techniques for the fabrication of sensors for different healthcare applications, the paper explains the individual methodologies used to develop sensing prototypes. Six different 3D printing techniques have been explained in the manuscript, followed by drawing a comparison between them in terms of their advantages, disadvantages, materials being processed, resolution, repeatability, accuracy and applications. Finally, a conclusion of the paper is provided with some of the challenges of the current 3D printing techniques about the developed sensing prototypes, their corresponding remedial solutions and a market survey determining the expenditure on 3D printing for biomedical sensing prototypes.
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