Ketone bodies (KBs), acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB), were considered harmful metabolic by-products when discovered in the mid-19th century in the urine of patients with diabetic ...ketoacidosis. It took physicians many years to realize that KBs are normal metabolites synthesized by the liver and exported into the systemic circulation to serve as an energy source for most extrahepatic tissues. Studies have shown that the brain (which normally uses glucose for energy) can readily utilize KBs as an alternative fuel. Even when there is diminished glucose utilization in cognition-critical brain areas, as may occur early in Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is preliminary evidence that these same areas remain capable of metabolizing KBs. Because the ketogenic diet (KD) is difficult to prepare and follow, and effectiveness of KB treatment in certain patients may be enhanced by raising plasma KB levels to ≥2 mM, KB esters, such as 1,3-butanediol monoester of βHB and glyceryl-tris-3-hydroxybutyrate, have been devised. When administered orally in controlled dosages, these esters can produce plasma KB levels comparable to those achieved by the most rigorous KD, thus providing a safe, convenient, and versatile new approach to the study and potential treatment of a variety of diseases, including epilepsy, AD, and Parkinson's disease.
Restoration of weight and nutritional status are key elements in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN). This review aims to describe issues related to the caloric requirements needed to gain and ...maintain weight for short and long-term recovery for AN inpatients and outpatients.We reviewed the literature in PubMed pertaining to nutritional restoration in AN between 1960-2012. Based on this search, several themes emerged: 1. AN eating behavior; 2. Weight restoration in AN; 3. Role of exercise and metabolism in resistance to weight gain; 3. Medical consequences of weight restoration; 4. Rate of weight gain; 5. Weight maintenance; and 6. Nutrient intake.A fair amount is known about overall caloric requirements for weight restoration and maintenance for AN. For example, starting at 30-40 kilocalories per kilogram per day (kcal/kg/day) with increases up to 70-100 kcal/kg/day can achieve a weight gain of 1-1.5 kg/week for inpatients. However, little is known about the effects of nutritional deficits on weight gain, or how to meet nutrient requirements for restoration of nutritional status.This review seeks to draw attention to the need for the development of a foundation of basic nutritional knowledge about AN so that future treatment can be evidenced-based.
A new analytic method is applied to singular initial-value Lane-Emden-type problems, and the effectiveness and performance of the method is studied. The proposed method obtains a Taylor expansion of ...the solution, and when the solution is polynomial, our method reproduces the exact solution. It is observed that the method is easy to implement, valuable for handling singular phenomena, yields excellent results at a minimum computational cost, and requires less time. Computational results of several test problems are presented to demonstrate the viability and practical usefulness of the method. The results reveal that the method is very effective, straightforward, and simple.
Ghrelin, a peptide hormone secreted mainly by the stomach, increases appetite and food intake. Surprisingly, ghrelin levels are lower in obese individuals with binge eating disorder (BED) than in ...obese non-BED individuals. Acute psychological stress has been shown to raise ghrelin levels in animals and humans. Our aim was to assess ghrelin levels after a cold pressor test (CPT) in women with BED. We also examined the relationship between the cortisol stress response and changes in ghrelin levels.
Twenty-one obese (mean standard deviation body mass index = 34.9 5.8 kg/m(2)) women (10 non-BED, 11 BED) underwent the CPT, hand submerged in ice water for 2 minutes. Blood samples were drawn for 70 minutes and assayed for ghrelin and cortisol.
There were no differences between the groups in ghrelin levels at baseline (-10 minutes). Ghrelin rose significantly after the CPT (F = 2.4, p = .024) peaking at 19 minutes before declining (F = 17.9, p < .001), but there were no differences between the BED and non-BED groups. Area under the curve for ghrelin was not related to ratings of pain, stress, hunger, or desire to eat after CPT. In addition, there were no observed relationships between the area under the curves for ghrelin or cortisol after stress.
Although there were no differences between BED groups, there was a significant rise in ghrelin in obese humans after a stressor, consistent with other recent reports suggesting a stress-related role for ghrelin.
Solving systems of ODEs by homotopy analysis method Sami Bataineh, A.; Noorani, M.S.M.; Hashim, I.
Communications in nonlinear science & numerical simulation,
December 2008, 2008-12-00, 20081201, Letnik:
13, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper applies the homotopy analysis method (HAM) to systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The systems investigated include stiff systems, the chaotic Genesio system and the matrix ...Riccati-type differential equation. The HAM gives approximate analytical solutions which are of comparable accuracy to the seven- and eight-order Runge–Kutta method (RK78).
In this paper, approximate and/or exact analytical solutions of singular initial value problems (IVPs) of the Emden–Fowler type in the second-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are obtained ...by the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The HAM solutions contain an auxiliary parameter which provides a convenient way of controlling the convergence region of the series solutions. It is shown that the solutions obtained by the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) and the homotopy-perturbation method (HPM) are only special cases of the HAM solutions.
On a new reliable modification of homotopy analysis method Sami Bataineh, A.; Noorani, M.S.M.; Hashim, I.
Communications in nonlinear science & numerical simulation,
February 2009, 2009-02-00, 20090201, Letnik:
14, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In this paper, a new modification of the homotopy analysis method (HAM) is presented and applied to homogeneous or non-homogeneous differential equations with constant or variable coefficients. A ...comparative study between the new modified homotopy analysis method (MHAM) and the classical HAM is conducted. The main advantage of MHAM is that one can avoid the uncontrollability problems of the non-zero endpoint conditions encountered in the traditional HAM. Several illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of MHAM.
Objective: The extent to which different types of breakfasts affect appetite and food intake is unclear. To assess the satiety effects of a high-fiber cereal, we compared oatmeal, isocaloric corn ...flakes, and water. Subjects/Methods: Thirty-six subjects (18 lean, 18 overweight) were assigned to three conditions in a randomized sequence on different days. Ratings of hunger and fullness were obtained concurrently with blood samples for measuring concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, leptin, and acetaminophen (gastric emptying tracer). Appetite was assessed by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) for fullness and hunger, and by measuring food intake of an ad libitum lunch meal at 180 min. Results: Lunch meal intake was lowest after consuming oatmeal (p < 0.00001), which was lower for overweight subjects than lean subjects (p = 0.007). Fullness AUC was greatest (p = 0.00001), and hunger AUC lowest (p < 0.001) after consuming oatmeal. At 180 min, blood glucose was lowest after the corn flakes (p = 0.0001). Insulin AUC was greater for both cereals than water (p < 0.00001). Leptin AUC and glucagon AUC values did not differ between conditions. Acetaminophen concentrations peaked latest after consuming oatmeal (p = 0.046), reflecting slower gastric emptying. Conclusions: Satiety was greater and ad libitum test meal intake lower after consuming oatmeal than after corn flakes, especially in the overweight subjects.
In this paper, the homotopy analysis method (HAM) is applied to obtain series solutions to linear and nonlinear systems of first- and second-order partial differential equations (PDEs). The HAM ...solutions contain an auxiliary parameter which provides a convenient way of controlling the convergence region of series solutions. It is shown in particular that the solutions obtained by the variational iteration method (VIM) are only special cases of the HAM solutions.
In this paper, a new modification of the homotopy analysis method (HAM) is presented for solving systems of second-order boundary-value problems (BVPs). The main advantage of the modified HAM (MHAM) ...is that one can avoid the uncontrollability problems of the nonzero endpoint conditions encountered in the standard HAM. Numerical comparisons show that the MHAM is more efficient than the standard HAM.
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