Abstract
Introduction
Over the past few decades, tobacco control efforts have made great strides in making smoke-free air the norm; 30 states in the United States have implemented 100% smoke-free ...laws. Despite this progress, the evolution of the measurement of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure has lagged.
Methods
Cognitive testing was used to explore the functioning and limitations of current SHS surveillance items; many items are frequently used for statewide or national surveillance. A total of 20 nonsmokers and 17 smokers participated in a cognitive interview.
Results
Overreporting of SHS was evidenced in our analysis as thirdhand smoke exposure was being included in the assessment of SHS exposure, likely due to the successful implementation of indoor smoking bans. Also asking about locations of SHS exposure outside of work, home, or a personal vehicle is important because these alternative locations were sometimes the only incidence of SHS exposure.
Conclusions
Survey questions about SHS should: (1) reduce the ambiguity in words and phrases of items; (2) measure location of exposure; (3) measure duration of exposure; and (4) consider alternative strategies for asking smokers questions about SHS. Assessing location and duration of exposure can inform decision-makers about future SHS programming and policy work.
Implications
Commonly accepted survey measures of SHS exposure need to be reevaluated to assure that the intended interpretation of them is still accurate given significant policy and social norm change. This paper assesses current SHS surveillance items and provides recommendations for revisions.
Samurai to Soldier Jaundrill, D. Colin; Haynes, Benjamin A; Haynes, Melissa
07/2016
eBook
InSamurai to Soldier, D. Colin Jaundrill rewrites the military history of nineteenth-century Japan. In fifty years spanning the collapse of the Tokugawa shogunate and the rise of the Meiji ...nation-state, conscripts supplanted warriors as Japan's principal arms-bearers. The most common version of this story suggests that the Meiji institution of compulsory military service was the foundation of Japan's efforts to save itself from the imperial ambitions of the West and set the country on the path to great power status. Jaundrill argues, to the contrary, that the conscript army of the Meiji period was the culmination-and not the beginning-of a long process of experimentation with military organization and technology.
Jaundrill traces the radical changes to Japanese military institutions, as well as the on-field consequences of military reforms in his accounts of the Boshin War (1868-1869) and the Satsuma Rebellions of 1877. He shows how pre-1868 developments laid the foundations for the army that would secure Japan's Asian empire.
"With Heinrich Kaan's book we have then what could be called the date of birth, or in any case the date of the emergence, of sexuality and sexual aberrations in the psychiatric field."⎯Michel ...Foucault, Abnormal: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1974-1975
Heinrich Kaan's fascinating work-part medical treatise, part sexual taxonomy, part activist statement, and part anti-onanist tract-takes us back to the origins of sexology. He links the sexual instinct to the imagination for the first time, creating what Foucault called "a unified field of sexual abnormality." Kaan's taxonomy consists of six sexual aberrations: masturbation, pederasty, lesbian love, necrophilia, bestiality, and the violation of statues. Kaan not only inaugurated the field of sexology, but played a significant role in the regimes of knowledge production and discipline about psychiatric and sexual subjects.
As Benjamin Kahan argues in his Introduction, Kaan's text crucially enables us to see how homosexuality replaced masturbation as the central concern of Euro-American sexual regulation. Kaan's work (translated into English for the first time here) opens a new window onto the history of sexuality and the history of sexology and reconfigures our understanding of Richard von Krafft-Ebing's book of the same name, published some forty years later.
Training Needs of Site Visitors Haynes, Melissa Chapman; Johnson, Ashley
New directions for evaluation,
12/2017, Letnik:
2017, Številka:
156
Journal Article
A recent “rumination” by Michael Quinn Patton focused on the critical role of the evaluator in the conduct of qualitative evaluation methods (Patton, 2015a). The importance of the evaluator in site ...visits is no less important. Although it has been proposed that site visits indeed constitute a methodology (Lawrenz, Keiser, & Lavoie, ), it is essential that the field develop expectations for training of site visitors that are appropriate to the context and purpose of the site visit. In this chapter we provide a working framework for the training needs of site visitors based on what we know from training for accreditation visits, the literature on the psychological development of expertise, and interviews with three novice site visitors. We hope future studies will be conducted that systematically examine and make explicit the need for high‐quality training of evaluators for site visits beyond the context of accreditation.
The connection between perceived risk of homeland security incidents and homeland security preparedness has received considerable support in policing literature. From a contingency theory ...perspective, organizations rationally respond to risks in their external environments by taking steps to prepare for homeland security incidents. In past studies examining homeland security preparedness levels, risk has typically been measured using agency executives’ perceived likelihood of specific homeland security incidents occurring within their jurisdiction within a specified time range, and has largely ignored objective risk factors. In other disciplines, researchers and government organizations consider three dimensions when assessing risk: threat, vulnerability, and consequences. In the present study, the objective risk factors of social vulnerability, experience with past hazards, and built environment vulnerability not only fail to predict risk perceptions but are also not associated with preparedness measures. However, consistent with prior research, subjective risk perceptions remain a significant predictor of preparedness levels.
A Guiding Typology for Site Visits Chapman Haynes, Melissa; Murphy, Nora F.; Patton, Michael Quinn
New directions for evaluation,
12/2017, Letnik:
2017, Številka:
156
Journal Article
Site visits are an often‐implemented, understudied activity that occurs in the diverse contexts where program evaluation is conducted. Further, the purposes of evaluative site visits are varied, ...ranging from provision of technical assistance and formative learning to high‐stakes accreditation site visits. The purpose of this chapter is to set the stage for the rest of this New Directions for Evaluation volume by presenting a typology of site visits with examples that illustrate variations in the eight categories or characteristics of the proposed typology. The typology will help practitioners clarify their thinking around their own site visits and aid in the evaluation planning and design phase of their practice. Additional chapters in this volume will add to the typology by discussing various aspects of quality, procedures, and use of site visits.
Within the tragedy of the Virginia Tech shooting was praise for the campus and community police departments based on their prior coordination and collaboration. After-action reports frequently ...credited the actions of the agencies with preventing an even greater loss of life thereby focusing attention on the presumed importance of close inter-agency relationships. This paper examines the level of agreement between officials representing campus public safety agencies and their neighboring local law enforcement departments on a range of issues related to campus critical incident preparedness. Data were collected from a national sample of both campus safety departments and a matched sample of adjacent law enforcement organizations. Results are based on agreement analysis of responses from 116 agency pairs. Overall findings suggest only modest agreement, at best, on issues related to campus safety including history of critical incidents, perceived risk of future incidents, mutual assistance, and preparedness activities, suggesting that agency officials may not share common understandings of important issues. In addition to reporting empirical findings, the research demonstrates the value of concordance measures as a means of examining agreement between law enforcement leaders and others.
In Japan, in a turbulent sea of blood, harpoon-wielding men gouge and hack open the living--and dying--flesh of dolphins they have trapped for this very massacre. Some of the terrified mammals thrash ...and fight and cry, while more completely violated bodies flounder about and sink, the flabby undersides of their open corpses showing white against the blood. Later, these rubbery remains will be dragged about by hooks embedded in their flesh, destined for the marketplace and, eventually, for human stomachs.
According to Danta, Berger's hyperbolic exceptionalization of humans reduces non-human animals to symptoms of the irremediable corruption of human nature. According to Arsenault, Stassen's graphic ...novel exemplifies the "textual modalities through which we might generate concern for lives scripted as non- or sub-human" (127); it thereby stages an attempt to empathize with and recuperate the stray. Arseneault concludes that concern for non-human suffering does not trivialize its human counterpart; indeed, such a practice broadens our understanding of the violent logics that afflict humans and animals alike. ...nonanthropocentric concern need not recuperate stray animals as melancholic animetaphors; if art succeeds in motivating us to attend to the global forces that engender both stray states and animals as fellow survivors of trauma, then it may also bring about a more historically-informed empathy. According to the qtc account, the Inuit experienced this institutionalized dependency as a form of incarceration.
