Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine why and when employees hide knowledge. Individuals may tend to hide knowledge when they have strong psychological ownership feelings over knowledge. ...Therefore, this research builds and tests a theoretical model linking knowledge-based psychological ownership with knowledge hiding via territoriality.Design methodology approach - Data were collected from knowledge workers in China via a three-wave web-based survey. The final sample was 190 cases. Hierarchical regression models and a bootstrapping approach were used to test the hypotheses.Findings - The results show that knowledge-based psychological ownership positively affects knowledge hiding. Territoriality fully mediates the link between knowledge-based psychological ownership and knowledge hiding. Moreover, organization-based psychological ownership moderates the positive link between territoriality and knowledge hiding. Specifically, territoriality will mediate the indirect effect of knowledge-based psychological ownership on knowledge hiding when organization-based psychological ownership is low, but not when it is high.Research limitations implications - The research reflects that to reduce knowledge hiding, organizations should focus on practices that can decrease employees' self-perception of possession of knowledge and territoriality and that can strengthen employees' psychological ownership for organizations.Originality value - Although many actions have been adopted to foster knowledge management in companies, knowledge hiding is still prevalent in work settings. This paper highlights the predictive power of knowledge-based psychological ownership on knowledge hiding, and the mediating role of territoriality in the link between knowledge-based psychological ownership and knowledge hiding.
In this tutorial review, we will explore recent advances in the construction and application of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based small-molecule fluorescent probes. The advantages of ...FRET-based fluorescent probes include: a large Stokes shift, ratiometric sensing and dual/multi-analyte responsive systems. We discuss the underlying energy donor-acceptor dye combinations and emphasise their applications for the detection or imaging of cations, anions, small neutral molecules, biomacromolecules, cellular microenvionments and dual/multi-analyte responsive systems.
Traditional biochemical methods for enzyme detection are mainly based on antibody-based immunoassays, which lack the ability to monitor the spatiotemporal distribution and, in particular, the in situ ...activity of enzymes in live cells and in vivo. In this review, we comprehensively summarize recent progress that has been made in the development of small-molecule as well as material-based fluorogenic probes for sensitive detection of the activities of enzymes that are related to a number of human diseases. The principles utilized to design these probes as well as their applications are reviewed. Specific attention is given to fluorogenic probes that have been developed for analysis of the activities of enzymes including oxidases and reductases, those that act on biomacromolecules including DNAs, proteins/peptides/amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids, and those that are responsible for translational modifications. We envision that this review will serve as an ideal reference for practitioners as well as beginners in relevant research fields.
In this review we will explore recent advances in the design and application of excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer (ESIPT) based fluorescent probes. Fluorescence based sensors and imaging ...agents (probes) are important in biology, physiology, pharmacology, and environmental science for the selective detection of biologically and/or environmentally important species. The development of ESIPT-based fluorescence probes is particularly attractive due to their unique properties, which include a large Stokes shift, environmental sensitivity and potential for ratiometric sensing.
Humility and modesty are both emphasized in Eastern and Western societies. However, people usually conflate them in everyday usage. To reduce the confusion of the two constructs, it is very vital to ...carefully differentiate the two constructs and examine whether they lead to similar or different effects on job performance. In this study, we scrutinized the effects of the two constructs on four dimensions of job performance simultaneously, including task performance, citizenship behavior (helping and voicing), unethical pro-organizational behavior, and innovative behavior. Using a dataset of 239 employees and 77 supervisors, we showed that modesty is not related to task performance and voicing, but that it is positively related to unethical pro-organizational behavior and negatively related to helping and innovative behavior. In contrast, we showed that humility is negatively related to unethical pro-organizational behavior and positively related to task performance, helping, voicing, and innovative behavior. Our findings reveal that modesty and humility can lead to very divergent work outcomes. The results strongly support the idea that modesty and humility are distinct constructs embedded in separate nomological networks and strongly suggest that organizations should encourage employees' humility rather than modesty. The theoretical and practical implications of this work are discussed.
White‐light‐emissive organic micro/nanostructures hold exotic potential applications in full‐color displays, on‐chip wavelength‐division multiplexing, and backlights of portable display devices, but ...are rarely realized in organic core/shell heterostructures. Herein, through regulating the noncovalent interactions between organic semiconductor molecules, a hierarchical self‐assembly approach of horizontal epitaxial‐growth is demonstrated for the fine synthesis of organic core/mono‐shell microwires with multicolor emission (red–green, red–blue, and green–blue) and especially organic core/double‐shell microwires with radial red–green–blue (RGB) emission, whose components are dibenzog,pchrysene (DgpC)‐based charge‐transfer (CT) complexes. In fact, the desired lattice mismatching (≈2%) and the excellent structure compatibility of these CT complexes facilitate the epitaxial‐growth process for the facile synthesis of organic core/shell microwires. With the RGB‐emissive substructures, these core/double‐shell organic microwires are microscale white‐light sources (CIE 0.34, 0.36). Besides, the white‐emissive core/double‐shell microwires demonstrate the fascinating full‐spectrum light transportation from 400 to 700 nm. This work indeed opens up a novel avenue for the accurate construction of organic core/shell heterostructures, which provides an attractive platform for the organic integrated optoelectronics.
Through regulating the noncovalent interactions between organic semiconductor molecules (|ECT, DgpC‐TCNB = −18.35 kcal mol−1| > |ECT, DgpC‐TFP = −13.45 kcal mol−1| > |Eπ–π, DgpC = −6.81 kcal mol−1|), a hierarchical self‐assembly approach of horizontal epitaxial‐growth is demonstrated for the precise synthesis of organic core/double‐shell microwires with radial red–green–blue (RGB) substructures for miniaturized white‐light sources (CIE 0.34, 0.36).
Management literature has repeatedly shown that an absence of voice can have serious negative influences on team and organization performance. However, employees often withhold suggestions or advices ...when they have ideas, concerns, or opinions. The present study proposes leader behavioral integrity as a key antecedent of employee voice, and investigates how and when leader behavioral integrity influences employee voice. Specifically, we argue that leader behavioral integrity affects employee voice via team independence climate. In addition, we propose a moderating effect of corporate ethical values. The results from a study of 134 managers and 408 employees provide support for this moderated mediation model. Leader behavioral integrity positively affects employee voice via team independence climate, but only when ethical values are emphasized in organizations. These results suggest that leader behavioral integrity, along with team independence climate and corporate ethical values, is very important for fostering employee voice.
Rationally designing and precisely constructing the dimensions, configurations and compositions of organic nanomaterials are key issues in material chemistry. Nevertheless, the precise synthesis of ...organic heterostructure nanomaterials remains challenging owing to the difficulty of manipulating the homogeneous/heterogeneous-nucleation process and the complex epitaxial relationships of combinations of dissimilar materials. Herein, we propose a hierarchical epitaxial-growth approach with the combination of longitudinal and horizontal epitaxial-growth modes for the design and synthesis of a variety of organic superstructure microwires with accurate spatial organisation by regulating the heterogeneous-nucleation crystallisation process. The lattice-matched longitudinal and horizontal epitaxial-growth modes are separately employed to construct the primary organic core/shell and segmented heterostructure microwires. Significantly, these primary organic core/shell and segmented microwires are further applied to construct the core/shell-segmented and segmented-core/shell type's organic superstructure microwires through the implementation of multiple spatial epitaxial-growth modes. This strategy can be generalised to all organic microwires with tailored multiple substructures, which affords an avenue to manipulate their physical/chemical features for various applications.
Development of powerful fluorescence imaging probes and techniques sets the basis for the spatiotemporal tracking of cells at different physiological and pathological stages. While current imaging ...approaches rely on passive probe-analyte interactions, here we develop photochromic fluorescent glycoprobes capable of remote light-controlled intracellular target recognition. Conjugation between a fluorophore and spiropyran produces the photochromic probe, which is subsequently equipped with a glycoligand "antenna" to actively localize a target cell expressing a selective receptor. We demonstrate that the amphiphilic glycoprobes that form micelles in water can selectively enter the target cell to operate photochromic cycling as controlled by alternate UV/Vis irradiations. We further show that remote light conversion of the photochromic probe from one isomeric state to the other activates its reactivity toward a target intracellular analyte, producing locked fluorescence that is no longer photoisomerizable. We envision that this research may spur the use of photochromism for the development of bioimaging probes.Fluorescence sensing in biological environments is prone to background signal interference. Here the authors design a photochromic fluorescent glycoprobe for light-controlled photo-switchable cell imaging and photo-activated target recognition, resulting in an increased sensing precision.
Understanding species distribution patterns and what determines them is critical for effective conservation planning and management. In the case of shorebirds migrating along the East ...Asian‐Australasian Flyway (EAAF), the loss of stopover habitat in the Yellow Sea region is thought to be the primary reason for the precipitous population declines. However, the rates of decline vary considerably among species, and it remains unclear how such differences could arise within a group of closely related species using apparently similar habitats at the same locales. We mapped the spatial distributions of foraging shorebirds, as well as biotic (benthic invertebrates consumed by migrating shorebirds) and abiotic (sediment characteristics) environmental factors, at a key stopover site in eastern China. Five of the six sediment characteristics showed significant spatial variation with respect to distance along the shoreline or distance from the seawall in the same tidal flat. The biomasses of four of the six most abundant benthic invertebrates were concentrated in the upper or middle zones of the tidal flat. The distribution patterns of all three focal shorebird species on the tidal flat were best explained jointly by this heterogeneity of sediment characteristics and invertebrate prey. These results suggest that the loss of tidal flats along the Yellow Sea, which is typically concentrated at the upper and middle zones, may not only reduce the overall amount of staging habitat, but also disproportionately affect the most resource‐rich portions for the birds. Effective conservation of shorebird staging areas along the EAAF and likely elsewhere must consider the subtle habitat heterogeneity that characterizes these tidal flats, prioritizing the protection of those portions richest in food resources, most frequently used by focal bird species, and most vulnerable to anthropogenic threats.
Article impact statement: Heterogeneity of tidal flats with respect to biotic and abiotic factors must be considered in shorebird conservation planning.
Importancia de la heterogeneidad de hábitat en las llanuras intermareales para la conservación de aves playeras migratorias
Resumen
Entender las pautas de distribución de las especies y los factores que las determinan es fundamental para planificar y gestionar eficazmente su conservación. En el caso de las aves playeras que migran a lo largo de la ruta migratoria Asia Oriental‐Australasia (EAAF, en inglés), se cree que la pérdida de puntos de parada en la región del Mar Amarillo es la razón principal de la declinación poblacional precipitada. Sin embargo, las tasas de declinación varían considerablemente entre especies, y sigue sin estar claro cómo pueden surgir tales diferencias dentro de un grupo de especies emparentadas que utilizan hábitats aparentemente similares en los mismos lugares. Mapeamos las distribuciones espaciales de las aves playeras forrajeras, así como los factores ambientales bióticos (invertebrados bénticos consumidos por las aves playeras migratorias) y abióticos (características de los sedimentos), en un punto de parada clave en el este de China. Cinco de las seis características de los sedimentos mostraron una variación espacial significativa con respecto a los cambios lineales en la distancia a lo largo de la costa o la distancia desde el malecón en la misma llanura mareal. La biomasa de cuatro de los seis invertebrados bénticos más abundantes se concentró en las zonas superior o media de la llanura mareal. Esta heterogeneidad de las características de los sedimentos y de las presas invertebradas es la que mejor explica los patrones de distribución de las tres especies de aves playeras en la llanura mareal. Estos resultados sugieren que la pérdida de llanuras mareales a lo largo del Mar Amarillo, que suele concentrarse en las zonas superior y media, puede no sólo reducir la cantidad total de hábitat de parada, sino también afectar de manera desproporcionada a las partes más ricas en recursos para las aves. La conservación eficaz de los puntos de parada de las aves playeras a lo largo del EAAF, y probablemente en otros lugares, debe tener en cuenta la sutil heterogeneidad del hábitat que caracteriza a estas llanuras mareales, priorizando la protección de las partes más ricas en recursos alimenticios, más frecuentemente utilizadas por las especies de aves focales y más vulnerables a las amenazas antropogénicas.
潮间带滩涂异质性在迁徙鸻鹬类保护中的重要意义
【摘要】了解物种的分布格局及其决定因素, 对于制定有效的栖息地保护和管理规划至关重要。在东亚‐澳大利西亚迁飞区, 迁徙鸻鹬类的种群数量正在快速下降, 其主要原因是作为鸻鹬类迁徙停歇地的黄渤海地区潮间带滩涂面积大幅减少。然而, 尽管许多迁徙鸻鹬类亲缘关系密切, 并且都利用潮间带滩涂(甚至是同一片滩涂), 但是它们的种群数量下降速率却存在巨大差异, 而导致这种差异的原因仍然缺乏了解。在这项研究中, 我们在渤海沿岸一个重要的鸻鹬类迁徙停歇地进行了调查和取样, 分析了鸻鹬类以及相关的生物因子(鸻鹬类的食物, 即底栖无脊椎动物)和非生物环境因子(沉积物特征)在潮间带滩涂上的空间分布格局。研究发现, 在六种沉积物组分特征中, 其中五种都在垂直或平行于海岸线的方向上呈现出显著变化。在潮间带滩涂上数量最多的六种底栖无脊椎动物中, 其中四种的生物量主要分布于高潮滩或中潮滩。沉积物特征以及底栖无脊椎动物的异质性分布共同解释了三种目标鸻鹬类在潮间带滩涂上的分布格局。这些研究结果表明, 黄渤海区域潮间带滩涂栖息地的丧失, 尤其是高潮滩和中潮滩面积的急剧减少, 不仅会造成迁徙停歇地的面积下降, 更会极大地影响鸻鹬类所依赖的资源最丰富的栖息地斑块。因此, 为了更有效地保护东亚‐澳大利西亚迁飞区和其他迁飞区的鸻鹬类迁徙停歇地, 保护实践中必须将潮间带滩涂栖息地普遍存在的异质性特征考虑在内, 优先保护潮间带滩涂中食物资源最丰富, 鸟类利用最频繁, 以及受人类活动威胁最严重的斑块。
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