Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive chronic neurodegenerative condition characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra. Current PD therapeutic strategies are ...mainly symptomatic and can lead to motor complications overtime. As a result, alternative medicine may provide an effective adjuvant treatment for PD as an addition to or as a replacement of the conventional therapies. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of Bee Venom (BV) and dopamine (DA)-loaded nanoparticles in a reserpine-induced animal model of PD. After inducing PD with reserpine injection, different groups of male rats were treated with L-Dopa, BV, DA-nanoparticles. Our findings showed that BV and DA-nanoparticles administration restored monoamines, balanced glutamate/GABA levels, halted DNA fragmentation, decreased pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β and TNF-α), and elevated anti-inflammatory mediators (PON1) and neurotropic factor (BDNF) levels in comparison with conventional therapy of PD. Furthermore, in a reserpine-induced PD rat model, the ameliorative effects of BV were significantly superior to that of DA-nanoparticles. These findings imply that BV and DA-nanoparticles could be useful as adjuvant treatments for PD.
A new green-validated and highly sensitive electrochemical method for the determination of molnupiravir (MOV) has been developed using cyclic voltammetry. The proposed analytical platform involves ...the use of a disposable laboratory-made screen-printed reduced graphene oxide 2.5% modified electrode (rGO-SPCE 2.5%) for the first time to measure MOV with high specificity. The surface morphology of the sensor was investigated by using a scanning electron microscope armed with an energy-dispersive X-ray probe. The fabricated sensor attained improved sensitivity when sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant (3 µM) was added to the supporting electrolyte solution of 0.04 M Britton–Robinson buffer at pH 2. The electrochemical activity of rGO-SPCE was examined in comparison with two different working electrodes in order to demonstrate that it was the most competitive sensor for MOV monitoring. The method was validated using differential pulse voltammetry according to ICH guidelines, resulting in good precision, accuracy, specificity, and robustness over a concentration range of 0.152–18.272 µM, with a detection limit of 0.048 µM. The stability investigation demonstrated that rGO-SPCE 2.5% can provide high-stability behavior towards the analyte throughout a six-week period under refrigeration. The fabricated rGO-SPCE 2.5% was successfully employed for the measurement of MOV in pharmaceutical capsules and human biofluids without the interference of endogenous matrix components as well as the commonly used excipient.
Background
Favipiravir is currently used for the treatment of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).
Objective
A highly sensitive and eco-friendly electroanalytical method was developed to quantify ...favipiravir.
Method
The voltammetric method optimized a sensor composed of reduced graphene oxide / modified carbon paste electrode in the presence of an anionic surfactant, improving the favipiravir detection limit. The investigation reveals that favipiravir-oxidation is a diffusion-controlled irreversible process. The effects of various pH and scan rates on oxidation anodic peak current were investigated.
Results
The developed method offers a wide linear dynamic range of 1.5–420 ng/mL alongside a higher sensitivity with a limit of detection in the nanogram range (0.44 ng/mL) and a limit of quantification in the low nanogram range (1.34 ng/mL).
Conclusion
The proposed method was applied for the determination of favipiravir in the dosage form, human plasma and urine samples. The developed method exhibited good selectivity in the presence of two potential electroactive biological interferants, uric acid which increases during favipiravir therapy and the recommended co-administered vitamin C. The organic solvent-free method greenness was evaluated via the Green Analytical Procedure Index, The present work offers a simple, sensitive and environment-friendly method fulfilling green chemistry concepts.
Pharmaceutical quality control products (QC) demand quick, sensitive, and cost-effective methods to ensure high production at a low cost. Green analytical methods are also becoming more common in ...pharmaceutical research to cut down on the amount of waste that goes into the environment. Meclizine hydrochloride (MZH) and pyridoxine hydrochloride (PYH) are reported to be excellent for calming down COVID-19. As a result, the amount of MZH and PYH manufactured by multinational pharmaceutical organizations has increased considerably during the last several months. The present work proposes three environmentally friendly, straightforward, and sensitive spectrophotometric procedures for quantification of MZH in the presence of PYH in a pure and marketable formulations. The approaches under examination include ratio subtraction (RSM), induced dual wavelength (IDW), and Fourier self-deconvolution (FSD). PYH, on the other hand, was directly quantified at 290 nm. For both drugs, the procedures follow Beer’s law in the range of (5–50 µg/mL). The RSM, IDW, and FSD methods, as well as the zero-order approach for PYH, have all been verified in accordance with ICH standards. The ecological value of established methodologies was determined using four distinct ways: the national environmental methods index (NEMI), the analytical Eco-scale, the Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE), and the green analytical process index (GAPI). Comparing the findings to those of the previously described spectrophotometric technique, no major changes were identified.
The oxidation of itraconazole at three different electrodes; ultra-trace graphite (UTGE), pencil graphite (PGE) and carbon paste (CPE) electrodes were studied voltammetrically. After the optimization ...of solution pH, accumulation potential and accumulation time, anodic stripping differential pulse and anodic stripping square wave voltammetric peaks were obtained. The oxidation mechanism was proposed. Based on these findings, a simple and not time-consuming procedure was successfully applied for the determination of itraconazole in pharmaceutics and biological fluids.
The electrochemical behavior of itraconazole at an ultra-trace graphite electrode. Display omitted
•Optimization condition of experiment such as pH, accumulation time and accumulation potential•Behavior of ITZ at different electrodes•Suggested mechanism of ITZ•Differential pulse voltammetry used to perform a calibration curve•Square wave voltammetry used to perform a calibration curve•Application to pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological fluids•Validation of the results
Nanocrystalline spinel ferrite nanoparticles MxCo(1−x)Fe2O4;(M = Zn,Cu,Mn;x = 0 and 0.5) like: Cobalt ferrite (CFO), Zinc Cobalt ferrite (ZCFO), Copper Cobalt ferrite (CCFO), and Manganese Cobalt ...ferrite (MCFO) modified carbon paste electrodes (CPE) were synthesized via sol–gel technique utilizing citric acid and ethylene glycol as a polymerization agent. The synthesized ferrite NPs were used as bi-functional smart biosensor, not only used to determine the drug Anagrelide-HCl (ANDH) in urine and serum samples, but also possesses antimicrobial potential against some pathogenic microbes, founded in the biological samples. The synthesized ferrite NPs were confirmed by XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, and elemental mapping images. Antimicrobial activities of ferrite NPs against selected urinary tract infected microbes were investigated. From XRD data and FTIR spectroscopy it is found that the average crystallite size is lies in the range 12.86 to 33.92 ± 1.5 nm, also the bond lengths RA and RB increase from 1.8986 to 1.9145 Å and from 2.0434 to 2.0606 Å respectively and Debye temperature θD lies in the range of 681.52–708.87 K. Our study describes the improvement of a screen-printed sensor, modified with ferrite NPs materials for rapid, sensitive and cost-effective quantification of ANDH present in the real samples such as blood serum samples, urine and in the pharmaceutical formulations. The results obtained postulate a linear regression between the ANDH charge density of peak current and its concentration in the range from (0.64–8.18 μg/ml) with DL 0.31 μg/ml and QL 0.94 μg/ml. Antimicrobial results indicated that ZCFO NPs were a novel antibacterial agent against Klebsiella pneumoniae (28.0 mm ZOI), and multidrug-resistant bacteria Enterococcus faecalis (27.0 mm ZOI). Additionally, ZCFO NPs were active against Candida albicans (18.0 mm ZOI) seems to be a smart antifungal agent. Therefore, ZCFO NPs can be used as applicant resources for industrial, medical, and biological applications.
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•Synthesis and validation of spinel ferrite NPs using citrate sol-gel technique.•The theoretical values of lattice constant for ferrite NPs are approximated to experimentally lattice parameter values.•The Debye temperature for the ferrite NPs composition lies in the range of 681.52 – 708.87 K.•ZCFO NPs possessed a novel antimicrobial activity against selected MDR pathogens.•Improvement of a novel ZCFO NPs screen-printed sensors for rapid, sensitive and cost-effective ANDH quantification.
Electrochemical techniques were used for estimating xylazine HCl (XLZ) in bulk powder, medicinal manufacturing and human serum. Electro-oxidation of XLZ at carbon multiwalled nanotube (MWCNT), ...1-n-butyl-3-methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate ion crystal (BMH) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) MWCNT-BMH-SDS electrode in 0.04 M Britton–Robinson buffer (BR) with pH 7.0, was studied in numerous buffer structures and at different pH values. The experimentation and instrumental parameters to assessable commitment of XLZ had been optimized, and a detection limit was observed as 4.80 nM. The precision and accuracy for the recognized method was tested by retrieval studies with good repeatability and reproducibility of the estimated method. The projected method was practiced successfully to the dosage form and spiked serum.
The present work describes a novel, simple, and fast electroanalytical methodology for naproxen (NAP) determination in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids in the presence of its ...degradation products. Carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) modified with different carbon nanomaterials, namely, glassy carbon powder (GCE), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), graphene nanosheets (Gr), and graphene oxides (GO) were tested. Comprehensive studies were performed on the electrode matrix composition including the nature of the pasting liquids, pH, carbon nanomaterials, and mode of electrode modification. Two anodic oxidation peaks were recorded at 0.890 and 1.18 V in 1 × 10−1 mol·L−1 phosphate buffer solution at pH 6. Oxidation of naproxen (NAP) is an irreversible diffusion-controlled process. Calibration plots were rectilinear in the concentration ranging from 0.067 to 1.0 µg·mL−1 with correlation coefficient 0.9979. Photodegradation of NAP resulted in disappearance of the oxidation peak at 1.18 V, allowing simultaneous determination of NAP in presence of its degradation product. The achieved high sensitivity and selectivity suggest the application of the proposed protocol for naproxen determination in pharmaceutical preparations and human blood plasma.
An Illustrative diagram presenting the fluorescence quenching and fluorescence enhancement of MP/EP-Eu3+ before and after addition of AgNPs.
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•Quenching Fluorescence of MP and EP ...chelates with Europium in absence of AgNPs.•Investigation of metal-enhanced fluorescence effect of AgNPs on Eu3+-MP/EP chelates.•AgNPs incorporation in Nano-quantitative, Ultra-trace spectrofluorimetric method.•AgNPs-enhanced fluorescence method used to quantify MP in real human plasma samples.•Bio-analytical method validation performed according to FDA-guidance for industry.
Bio-analytical, nano-quantitative spectrofluorimetric estimation of two non-classical β-lactam antibiotics; meropenem (MP) and ertapenem (EP) is presented. The method is based on the enhancement of the fluorescence intensity of MP–Eu3+/EP-Eu3+ with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). AgNPs were synthesized and characterized by UV and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The plasmon resonance produced an intense absorption maximum at 398.0 nm. TEM micrograph showed the particle morphology with an average particles size of 13.0 ± 2.95 nm. The fluorescence intensities were measured against blank reagents at λem of 396.0 nm and 405.0 nm after excitation at λex 305.0 nm and 303.0 nm for MP and EP, respectively. Under optimum conditions, the relative fluorescence intensity showed a good linear relationship with the concentration ranges of 4.0–14.0 and 4.0 –12.0 ng/mL with excellent correlation coefficients of 0.9998 and 0.9997, and limit of detection of 0.84 and 0.86 ng/mL for MP and EP, respectively. The method was successfully applied for direct analysis of MP and EP in their drug substances and pharmaceutical vials. The significant, sensitivity and practicality of the method facilitated MP detection in real plasma samples. Bio-analytical validation was performed according to FDA. The method was rectilinear over the ranges of, 5.0 –75.0 μg/mL plasma. Interestingly, this described system has a promising benefit for various applications exploiting the dramatically enhanced-fluorescence occurrence.
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