The objective of this study is to assess the effects that a specific type of severe violence—violence with femicide risk (VFR)—has on women’s physical and mental health, as well as the physical ...health of their children. I focus on Peru, a country in which 7 out of 10 women have been victims of some form of intimate partner violence. In Latin America, Peru is one of the countries with the highest rates of violence against women. Methodological gaps in the existing literature (sampling size, selection bias, and reverse causality) are covered using an important nationally representative sample (Demographic and Health Survey: N = 84,136) and the use of propensity score matching. Results show that VFR increases symptoms of depression, as well as alcohol and tobacco consumption. The children of victims of VFR had significantly more recent episodes of bloody stool, diarrhea, fever, and coughing. These effects are heterogeneous. They vary based on violence characteristics (history of sexual violence) and on victims’ socioeconomic status. According to the relevant literature, these effects can be understood to stem from somatization, stress, substance use (as a facilitator of violence), and neurological damage due to exposure to this type of violence. Results suggest VFR may have life-course altering effects given victims’ distinct coping strategies.
Depression and intimate partner violence (IPV) are highly related. However, it is unclear what drives this relationship: the form of violence (psychological, physical, or sexual) or its severity. In ...this study, we first identify patterns of combined forms and severity of violence and then estimate the effects of IPV on depression. We use the DHS and focus on Peru, a country with high IPV rates. Five classes of IPV were identified. The more intense the IPV class, the higher the effect on recent depression. However, the effect on depression tends to be smaller when levels of depression are higher.
América Latina es la región más afectada por la delincuencia en el mundo. Poco, sin embargo, se sabe sobre los costos sociales que esta genera. En este estudio, se emplearon seis rondas del Barómetro ...de las Américas (2004–2014) y el método de emparejamiento estadístico con el objetivo de estimar el costo de la victimización sobre la percepción de inseguridad, capital social y percepción de la democracia para 16 países de la región. Los resultados muestran que el costo de la victimización se expande a diversos aspectos sociales, afectando en mayor proporción a las mujeres. Además de incrementar la percepción de inseguridad y reducir la legitimidad y confianza en las instituciones encargadas de luchar contra la delincuencia, la desconfianza se desplaza a instituciones sin este rol, a terceros y afecta la propia percepción del barrio. En lo positivo, la victimización incentiva la participación en organizaciones, aunque especialmente en los grupos de menores ingresos y mayores recursos comunales.
Latin America is the world region most affected by crime. However, little is known about the social costs of crime. In this study, we used six waves of Latin American Barometer (2004–2014) data and applied propensity-score matching to estimate the costs of victimization on the perception of insecurity, social capital, and democracy for sixteen Latin American countries. Results show that the costs of victimization have an impact on several social issues, especially those affecting women. Victimization not only increases perceptions of insecurity and reduces legitimacy and trust in those institutions charged with public safety; it also affects trust in unrelated institutions, trust in third persons, and perceptions of the neighborhood. On the positive side, victimization fosters participation in organizations, although in lower-income classes where communal resources are more common.
América Latina es la región más afectada por la delincuencia en el mundo. Poco, sin embargo, se sabe sobre los costos sociales que esta genera. En este estudio, se emplearon seis rondas del Barómetro ...de las Américas (2004–2014) y el método de emparejamiento estadístico con el objetivo de estimar el costo de la victimización sobre la percepción de inseguridad, capital social y percepción de la democracia para 16 países de la región. Los resultados muestran que el costo de la victimización se expande a diversos aspectos sociales, afectando en mayor proporción a las mujeres. Además de incrementar la percepción de inseguridad y reducir la legitimidad y confianza en las instituciones encargadas de luchar contra la delincuencia, la desconfianza se desplaza a instituciones sin este rol, a terceros y afecta la propia percepción del barrio. En lo positivo, la victimización incentiva la participación en organizaciones, aunque especialmente en los grupos de menores ingresos y mayores recursos comunales.
Latin America is the world region most affected by crime. However, little is known about the social costs of crime. In this study, we used six waves of Latin American Barometer (2004–2014) data and applied propensity-score matching to estimate the costs of victimization on the perception of insecurity, social capital, and democracy for sixteen Latin American countries. Results show that the costs of victimization have an impact on several social issues, especially those affecting women. Victimization not only increases perceptions of insecurity and reduces legitimacy and trust in those institutions charged with public safety; it also affects trust in unrelated institutions, trust in third persons, and perceptions of the neighborhood. On the positive side, victimization fosters participation in organizations, although in lower-income classes where communal resources are more common.
•Effect is selective (only for certain types of crime).•Effect is differentiated (increases some crimes but decreases others).•Effect on crime has diminishing returns in time.•Violent crimes are ...importantly reduced.•All perceived risk of crime variables diminished.
The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the new Code of Criminal Procedure (NCCP) on crime and perceived risk of crime in Peru. The progressive implementation of the NCCP allowed us to (1) use differences-in-differences (to control for the effect of time invariant characteristics) with matching estimator (to control for bias selection), and (2) to differentiate the impact based on whether the NCCP was earlier (2010) or later (2012) implemented. A large sample was used (N = 445,838). The impact of NCCP was evaluated on aggregated and individual measures of crime and perceived risk of crime, including violent crime. Results show that the impact of the NCCP on crime was low and lost strength every year. Moreover, the impact is selective (it only affects some forms of crime) and differentiated (it reduces some forms of crime while increasing others). It also reduces the most common forms of crime committed with arms. On the other hand, the NCCP decreased most indicators of perceived risk of crime. Our findings point to the need to better manage the implementation of the NCCP as well as to highlight the deterioration of its impact mechanisms in time (particularly its celerity).
Most empirical studies that examine why individuals report property crimes to the police have focused on Global North countries where crime rates are low. This study is situated in the most violent ...area of the world, Latin America, and examines Peru, which has the highest robbery victimization rate in the Americas. This article examines the applicability of theories of crime reporting in this Global South context using a large sample and multilevel modeling. We find that trust in the police has no impact on the reporting of the robbery of one’s cellphone, purse or wallet. The theories of rational choice and Black’s stratification of law provide strong explanations for the reporting of robbery of these personal items. Individuals of higher social status and those who reside in districts with low levels of social disadvantage are more likely to report, as well as those who have experienced violent victimization.
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) increased during the COVID‐19 lockdown, but few studies use national data and explore underlying mechanisms. To address this gap, we study the changes in IPV ...during the first ten months of the pandemic in Peru. We study the number of calls received by the national helpline for domestic violence victims, Línea 100, using an event study model. Results show that during lockdown, IPV calls experienced nonlinear variations. Calls for psychological violence showed the most significant variation, followed by those for physical violence, while no significant changes for sexual violence were identified. Prior history of violence and alcohol or drug consumption appears to be the most important underlying mechanisms. Results suggest that policy efforts during acute health and economic crises should aim at risk factors that typically predict violence and prioritize rapidly connecting survivors to quality services.
El estudio investiga las necesidades de información de los productores de café en Atenas, Costa Rica, asociados a COOPEATENAS R.L. Se enmarca en el paradigma naturalista con un enfoque cualitativo, ...descriptivo y exploratorio. Se seleccionaron dos tipos de sujetos de estudio mediante muestras no probabilísticas y se aplicaron técnicas como grupos focales y entrevistas semiestructuradas. El análisis descriptivo y narrativo permitió entender las necesidades de información en función de los problemas laborales identificados. Los resultados muestran que los productores enfrentan necesidades de información técnica, económica, política y socio-institucional, derivadas de sus desafíos diarios. Estas necesidades son cruciales para optimizar la producción y adaptarse a cambios normativos y comerciales. La investigación concluye destacando la importancia de abordar integralmente las dificultades laborales y las demandas informativas de los productores de café. Se recomienda establecer mecanismos efectivos de comunicación y fomentar la colaboración entre las entidades involucradas en la producción.
Objetivo. Revisar las causas, consecuencias y métodos de determinación de la carne DFD con el fin de contribuir al conocimiento de esta anomalía para encontrar alternativas que contrarresten su ...presencia. Desarrollo. La carne DFD se presenta cuando las reservas de glucógeno muscular no son suficientes para que el pH descienda a su punto óptimo 24 h después del beneficio. Se estudian diversos factores ambientales e inherentes al animal que pueden estar interrelacionados y que serían los responsables de estrés y consecuente aparición de carne DFD. Así mismo, se revisan los diferentes métodos con los cuales se puede determinar esta condición. Consideraciones finales. El manejo de los animales pre- y pos-beneficio es determinante en la aparición de carnes DFD. Conocer los factores que influyen sobre su presencia y los métodos disponibles para su determinación puede contribuir con la disminución de esta anomalía y mejorar la calidad de las canales.
Abstract
This study aimed to predict fat and fatty acids (FA) contents in beef using near-infrared spectroscopy and prediction models based on partial least squares (PLS) and support vector machine ...regression in radial kernel (R-SVR). Fat and FA were assessed in 200 longissimus thoracis samples, and spectra were collected in reflectance mode from ground meat. The analyses were performed for PLS and R-SVR with and without wavelength selection based on genetic algorithms (GAs). The GA application improved the error prediction by 15% and 68% for PLS and R-SVR, respectively. Models based on GA plus R-SMV showed a prediction ability for fat and FA with an average coefficient of determination of 0.92 and ratio performance deviation of 4.8.
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