Following our previous reviews, this manuscript presents an updated perspective on the use of compressed fluids, mainly under sub- and supercritical conditions, for the extraction of bioactive ...components from natural matrices covering the period from 2015 to present. These extraction technologies might have an important role in the development of sustainable and efficient extraction processes to cope with the high demand of natural bioactive compounds. Moreover, more complex approaches based on process integration, intensification and the development of sequential valorization chains are being increasingly developed. Most recent and interesting applications grouped according to the type of natural material used (plants, seaweeds, microalgae and food-related by-products) are described and critically commented. Furthermore, we discuss the potential future outlooks related to this field in agreement with our own experience.
•Recent developments of compressed fluid-based extraction are discussed.•PLE and SFE are widely employed to obtain bioactive components from natural sources.•Biorefinery and integrated approaches for plants, by-products and microalgae are described and discussed.•The use of green solvents for the extraction of bioactives is deeply discussed.
Modern food analysis is directed to the characterization of as many components as possible in food and food-related materials. The use of –omics technologies within a Foodomics approach requires the ...use of high throughput analytical techniques able to offer increased resolving power and capability to separate a high number of compounds. From this perspective, two-dimensional liquid chromatography has the potential to unravel very complex food matrices, providing with high resolving power and enhanced identification potential, particularly when coupled to mass spectrometry. This review presents an overview including the most notable two-dimensional liquid chromatography applications developed in the last ten years to study food safety, food quality and the relationship between health and food as well as for the characterization of particular groups of food components within a Foodomics perspective. Moreover, the latest developments and advances, limitations, future evolution and needs related to the use of this technique are critically discussed and commented.
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•Capability of 2DLC applied to Foodomics is described.•Most remarkable applications linking 2DLC and Foodomics are described and commented.•Latest developments and advances, limitations, and needs are critically discussed.•On-line comprehensive LC holds great still unlocked potential for metabolomics.
•We critically review the most recent (2010–13) MS-based metabolomics applications.•Metabolomics is a useful tool to cope with the most challenging analytical issues.•Further developments will help ...correlate metabolite composition and food quality.
Robust, efficient, sensitive and cost-effective analytical methodologies need to be developed continuously to guarantee food safety, quality and traceability. The rapid development of metabolomics-based approaches using mass spectrometry (MS) has demonstrated their potential to face these challenges. This review presents a critical overview of the most recent applications of MS-based metabolomics approaches for food quality, safety and traceability assays, covering the most relevant works published from 2010 to 2013. We also provide information about the different steps needed to develop a MS-metabolomics approach (i.e. sample treatment, analytical platform, and data processing).
Many recent discoveries have confirmed the importance of Orphism for ancient Greek religion, philosophy, and literature. However, its nature and role are still very controversial. The key problem of ...its relationship to Christianity has been discussed by ancient and modern authors from many different viewpoints, albeit too often tainted with apologetic interests and unconscious projections. This free and thorough study of the ancient sources sheds light on these questions and illuminates the complexity of the encounter between Classical culture and Jewish-Christian tradition. New perspectives on the relationship between Classical and Jewish-Christian culture On the avowed subject of Orphism Author is specialist within the field
Tumor cells develop different strategies to cope with changing microenvironmental conditions. A prominent example is the adaptive phenotypic switching between cell migration and proliferation. While ...it has been shown that the migration-proliferation plasticity influences tumor spread, it remains unclear how this particular phenotypic plasticity affects overall tumor growth, in particular initiation and persistence. To address this problem, we formulate and study a mathematical model of spatio-temporal tumor dynamics which incorporates the microenvironmental influence through a local cell density dependence. Our analysis reveals that two dynamic regimes can be distinguished. If cell motility is allowed to increase with local cell density, any tumor cell population will persist in time, irrespective of its initial size. On the contrary, if cell motility is assumed to decrease with respect to local cell density, any tumor population below a certain size threshold will eventually extinguish, a fact usually termed as Allee effect in ecology. These results suggest that strategies aimed at modulating migration are worth to be explored as alternatives to those mainly focused at keeping tumor proliferation under control.
Bacterial cells are equipped with a variety of immune strategies to fight bacteriophage infections. Such strategies include unspecific mechanisms directed against any phage infecting the cell, ...ranging from the identification and cleavage of the viral DNA by restriction nucleases (restriction-modification systems) to the suicidal death of infected host cells (abortive infection, Abi). In addition, CRISPR-Cas systems generate an immune memory that targets specific phages in case of reinfection. However, the timing and coordination of different antiviral systems in bacterial cells are poorly understood. Here, we use simple mathematical models of immune responses in individual bacterial cells to propose that the intracellular dynamics of phage infections are key to addressing these questions. Our models suggest that the rates of viral DNA replication and cleavage inside host cells define functional categories of phages that differ in their susceptibility to bacterial anti-phage mechanisms, which could give raise to alternative phage strategies to escape bacterial immunity. From this viewpoint, the combined action of diverse bacterial defenses would be necessary to reduce the chances of phage immune evasion. The decision of individual infected cells to undergo suicidal cell death or to incorporate new phage sequences into their immune memory would be determined by dynamic interactions between the host's immune mechanisms and the phage DNA. Our work highlights the importance of within-cell dynamics to understand bacterial immunity, and formulates hypotheses that may inspire future research in this area.
A workflow for the photogrammetric combination of non-invasive multispectral imaging techniques ranging from ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) to near infrared (NIR) for the investigation of wall ...paintings is presented. Hereby, different methods for image analysis and visualisation techniques are discussed. This includes the combination of spectral bands in hybrid false-colour images and image analysis by applying NDVI/NDPI and PCA. The aim of the research is to generate a high-resolution photogrammetric image set, providing information on underdrawings, material differences, damages, painting techniques and conservation measures. The image data are superimposed with pixel accuracy in a geographic information system (GIS) for further analysis, tracing of observations and findings and the annotation of further information. The research is carried out on the 'Adoration of the Shepherds', an early Spanish Renaissance wall painting created in 1472 by Paolo de San Leocadio and Francesco Pagano in the Cathedral of Valencia. The wall painting is preserved in an unfinished condition, and half of it is represented by the initial plaster and preparation layers. This gives the possibility to compare and evaluate the observations of the finished areas as well as carry out an in-depth study of the working techniques.
Nowadays, a wide variety of compounds such as polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), or phytosterols obtained, for example, from wine, fish byproducts, or plants are employed to prepare new ...functional foods. However, unexplored natural sources of bioactive ingredients are gaining much attention since they can lead to the discovery of new compounds or bioactivities. Microalgae have been proposed as an interesting, almost unlimited, natural source in the search for novel natural functional ingredients, and several works have shown the possibility to find bioactive compounds in these organisms. Some advantages can be associated with the study of microalgae such as their huge diversity, the possibility of being used as natural reactors at controlled conditions, and their ability to produce active secondary metabolites to defend themselves from adverse or extreme conditions. In this contribution, an exhaustive revision is presented involving the research for innovative functional food ingredients from microalgae. The most interesting results in this promising field are discussed including new species composition and bioactivity and new processing and extraction methods. Moreover, the future research trends are critically commented.
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