Diffractive optical elements (DOEs) are widely applied as compact solutions for desired light manipulations via wavefront shaping. Recent advanced chip applications further require their feature ...sizes to move down to the subwavelength, which inevitably brings forth vectorial effects of optical fields and makes the typical scalar-based theory invalid. However, simulating and optimizing their vectorial fields, which are associated with billions of adjustable parameters in the optical element, are difficult to do, because of the issues of numerical stability and the highly-demanding computational cost. To address this problem, this research proposes an applicable algorithm by means of a wave-vector (k) series approximation of vectorial optical fields. On the basis of the semi-analytical rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA), an adequate selection scheme on k-series enables computationally efficient yet still predictive calculations for DOEs. The performance estimations for exemplary designs by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method show that the predicted intensity profiles by the proposed algorithm agree with the target by just a fractional error. Together with optimizing the geometrical degrees of freedom (e.g., DOE depth h) as compensation for errors from the truncation of k-series, the algorithm demonstrates its outperformance by one or two orders of magnitude in accuracy versus the scalar-based model, and demands only a reasonable computational resource.
Inflammation is a major risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). When occurring in the context of pancreatitis, KRAS mutations accelerate tumor development in mouse models. We report ...that long after its complete resolution, a transient inflammatory event primes pancreatic epithelial cells to subsequent transformation by oncogenic KRAS. Upon recovery from acute inflammation, pancreatic epithelial cells display an enduring adaptive response associated with sustained transcriptional and epigenetic reprogramming. Such adaptation enables the reactivation of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) upon subsequent inflammatory events, thereby limiting tissue damage through a rapid decrease of zymogen production. We propose that because activating mutations of KRAS maintain an irreversible ADM, they may be beneficial and under strong positive selection in the context of recurrent pancreatitis.
Abstract
Most chemical vapor deposition methods for transition metal dichalcogenides use an extremely small amount of precursor to render large single-crystal flakes, which usually causes low ...coverage of the materials on the substrate. In this study, a self-capping vapor-liquid-solid reaction is proposed to fabricate large-grain, continuous MoS
2
films. An intermediate liquid phase-Na
2
Mo
2
O
7
is formed through a eutectic reaction of MoO
3
and NaF, followed by being sulfurized into MoS
2
. The as-formed MoS
2
seeds function as a capping layer that reduces the nucleation density and promotes lateral growth. By tuning the driving force of the reaction, large mono/bilayer (1.1 mm/200 μm) flakes or full-coverage films (with a record-high average grain size of 450 μm) can be grown on centimeter-scale substrates. The field-effect transistors fabricated from the full-coverage films show high mobility (33 and 49 cm
2
V
−1
s
−1
for the mono and bilayer regions) and on/off ratio (1 ~ 5 × 10
8
) across a 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm region.
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of axial inflammation. Over time, some patients develop spinal ankylosis and permanent disability; however, current treatment strategies cannot arrest ...syndesmophyte formation completely. Here, we used mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from AS patients (AS MSCs) within the enthesis involved in spinal ankylosis to delineate that the HLA-B27-mediated spliced X-box-binding protein 1 (sXBP1)/retinoic acid receptor-β (RARB)/tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) axis accelerated the mineralization of AS MSCs, which was independent of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). An animal model mimicking AS pathological bony appositions was established by implantation of AS MSCs into the lumbar spine of NOD-SCID mice. We found that TNAP inhibitors, including levamisole and pamidronate, inhibited AS MSC mineralization in vitro and blocked bony appositions in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the serum bone-specific TNAP (BAP) level was a potential prognostic biomarker to predict AS patients with a high risk for radiographic progression. Our study highlights the importance of the HLA-B27-mediated activation of the sXBP1/RARB/TNAP axis in AS syndesmophyte pathogenesis and provides a new strategy for the diagnosis and prevention of radiographic progression of AS.
•Active and intelligent films prepared from gellan gum and Clitoria ternatea extract.•Antioxidant, antimicrobial and colorimetric pH indicator properties of the films.•Gellan gum enhancs the ...stability and controls the release of CT anthocyanins.•Soy protein affects physical and mechanical properties and anthocyanins release rates.•The pH indicator films change their colors in response to seafood spoilage.
Active and intelligent packaging films with multiple functions including antioxidant, antibacterial and colorimetric pH indicator properties were developed by incorporating Clitoria ternatea (CT) extract into gellan gum (G) film. G enhanced the stability of CT anthocyanins and allowed the anthocyanins to release from G film in a pH-responsive behavior. Heat-treated soy protein isolate (HSPI) was able to interact with G and CT anthocyanins through the formation of electrostatic forces and covalent bonds. G film blended with HSPI greatly reduced the swelling capacity of G/HSPI composite film and controlled the anthocyanins release at pH greater than 6.0. The physical and mechanical properties of G films such as hydrophobicity, water vapor permeability, swelling capacity and tensile strength were also significantly modified by addition of HSPI to G films. The smart films changed their color with the increase of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) values during progressive spoilage of shrimp, revealing their potential application for monitoring seafood freshness.
Capitalizing on the inherent multiplexing capability of AsCpf1, we developed a multiplexed, high-throughput screening strategy that minimizes library size without sacrificing gene targeting ...efficiency. We demonstrated that AsCpf1 can be used for functional genomics screenings and that an AsCpf1-based multiplexed library performs similarly as compared to currently available monocistronic CRISPR/Cas9 libraries, with only one vector required for each gene. We construct the smallest whole-genome CRISPR knock-out library, Mini-human, for the human genome (n = 17,032 constructs targeting 16,977 protein-coding genes), which performs favorably compared to conventional Cas9 libraries.
In the western North Pacific subtropical ocean, the Anatahan volcano of the Mariana Islands erupted on 10 May 2003 for the first time in recorded history. Based on nine different types of remote ...sensing data provided by NASA, laboratory experiment of the Anatahan samples, and a 3‐D ocean circulation model developed by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, the postvolcanic ocean biogeochemical response to the Anatahan eruption was explored. It was observed that soon after the eruption, the aerosol optical depth abruptly increased from the pre‐eruption loading of ∼0.1 to ∼2. In the week following the eruption, a “bloom‐like” patch was observed by NASA's Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) ocean color sensor. Based on the chlorophyll a, fluorescence line height (FLH), at‐sensor total radiance, and normalized water‐leaving radiance data obtained by MODIS, the cause of the bloom‐like patch was diagnosed. The results suggest that the patch was most likely a mixture of suspended volcanic particles and a phytoplankton bloom. FLH was found to be ∼9–17 × 10−3 mW cm−2μm−1 sr−1 in the patch and ∼3–5 × 10−3 mW cm−2μm−1 sr−1 in the ambient water, indicating that a 2–5‐fold increase in biological activity occurred during the week following the eruption. Satellite altimetry indicated that the bloom took place in the presence of downwelling and was not a result of upwelled nutrients in this oligotrophic ocean. Analysis of satellite ocean color spectra of the bloom region found similar spectra as the reference Trichodesmium spectra. Laboratory experiments further substantiate the satellite observations which show elevated concentrations of limiting nutrients provided by the Anatahan samples, and the averaged soluble nitrate, phosphate, and Fe were 42, 3.1, and 2.0 nM, respectively. Though it was not possible to obtain in situ observations of the ocean biogeochemical responses that followed the Anatahan eruption, this study provided evidence based on remote sensing data and laboratory experiment that fertilization of volcanic aerosols occurred following this eruption in one of the most oligotrophic low‐nutrient low‐chlorophyll ocean deserts on Earth.
Electronic properties of polytypes (i.e., the co-existence of zincblende and wurtzite structures in III–V compound semiconductor nanowires) are still highly controversial. In an effort to explore ...fundamental insights of this topic, we investigate the electronic conductance for GaAs nanowires having arbitrary sequence of zincblende and wurtzite heterostructures by a five-nearest-neighbor tight-binding model. The transmission function χ(E) of the zincblende–wurtzite heterostructure is calculated in the mixture from the complete zincblende to the complete wurtzite configuration by non-equilibrium Green’s function formulae. The properties of the ballistic conductance of the system are analyzed by convolving χ(E) with the thermal broadening function. Numerical results show that more inclusion of the wurtzite-type segments into the GaAs nanowires can establish isolated conductance channels in the neighborhood of the bandgap edge, providing potential optoelectronic applications for mid-infrared optics.
•Five-nearest-neighbor tight-binding model.•Transport dynamics with non-axial k-vector in GaAs nanowires.•Isolated levels in the bandgap for potential applications of mid-infrared optics.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains recalcitrant to all forms of cancer treatment and carries a five-year survival rate of only 8%
. Inhibition of oncogenic KRAS (hereafter KRAS*), the ...earliest lesion in disease development that is present in more than 90% of PDACs, and its signalling surrogates has yielded encouraging preclinical results with experimental agents
. However, KRAS*-independent disease recurrence following genetic extinction of Kras* in mouse models anticipates the need for co-extinction strategies
. Multiple oncogenic processes are initiated at the cell surface, where KRAS* physically and functionally interacts to direct signalling that is essential for malignant transformation and tumour maintenance. Insights into the complexity of the functional cell-surface-protein repertoire (surfaceome) have been technologically limited until recently and-in the case of PDAC-the genetic control of the function and composition of the PDAC surfaceome in the context of KRAS* signalling remains largely unknown. Here we develop an unbiased, functional target-discovery platform to query KRAS*-dependent changes of the PDAC surfaceome, which reveals syndecan 1 (SDC1, also known as CD138) as a protein that is upregulated at the cell surface by KRAS*. Localization of SDC1 at the cell surface-where it regulates macropinocytosis, an essential metabolic pathway that fuels PDAC cell growth-is essential for disease maintenance and progression. Thus, our study forges a mechanistic link between KRAS* signalling and a targetable molecule driving nutrient salvage pathways in PDAC and validates oncogene-driven surfaceome annotation as a strategy to identify cancer-specific vulnerabilities.
In this study, metalloanthocyanin-inspired, biodegradable packaging films were developed by incorporating purple cauliflower extracted (PCE) anthocyanins into alginate (AL)/carboxymethyl chitosan ...(CCS) hybrid polymer matrices based on complexation of metal ions with these marine polysaccharides and anthocyanins. PCE anthocyanins-incorporated AL/CCS films were further modified with fucoidan (FD) because this sulfated polysaccharide can form strong interactions with anthocyanins. Metals-involved complexation (Ca2+ and Zn2+-crosslinked films) improved the mechanical strength and water vapor permeability but reduced the swelling degree of the films. Zn2+-cross-linked films exhibited significantly higher antibacterial activity than did pristine (non-crosslinked) and Ca2+-cross-linked films. The metal ion/polysaccharide-involved complexation with anthocyanin reduced the release rate of anthocyanins, increased the storage stability and antioxidant capability, and improved the sensitivity of the colorimetric response of the indicator films for monitoring the freshness of shrimp. The anthocyanin-metal-polysaccharide complex film showed great potential as active and intelligent packaging of food products.
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•Marine polysaccharides-based films containing PC anthocyanins were prepared.•The intelligent films have antioxidant, antimicrobial and pH-sensitive properties•Fucoidan and metal complexation affect the stability and release of anthocyanins•Metal ions-based cross-linking affects film's physical and mechanical properties•Ca2+-cross-linked film has the highest sensitivity in response to seafood spoilage
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