The presence of electric charges within liquid is relatively unexplored despite its role in electrochemical energy storage and industrial safety. Quantifying charge distribution in liquids and at ...solid/liquid interfaces is therefore crucial to the efficiency and longevity of devices. Over time, metrologies using stimulus to measure space charges in solids have been transposed to liquids. The stimulus disturbs electrostatic equilibrium to induces electrical response. This study builds upon measuring electric charges in the Electrical Double Layer (EDL) using the Pressure-Wave-Propagation (PWP) method. It presents how the pressure wave amplitude, the liquid conductivity and the liquid nature impact the electrical response.
An original method using lock-in thermography with a laser excitation is proposed for the contactless estimation of open crack depths in metal with curvilinear shape. A continuous laser source ...regularly scans the structure under test leading to a periodical heating. The heat diffusion disturbances induced by a crack located in the thermal diffusion area are measured synchronously with the laser scans. The thermal signature of the crack is extracted from the amplitude of surface temperature images for various scanning speeds of the thermal source. The thermal signatures are analysed according to a length representative of the thermal diffusion length and to the radius curvature of the crack to give a local evaluation of the crack depth. The method, explained with 3D simulations, is experimentally implemented and tested with calibrated curvilinear cracks. The results demonstrate the potentiality of multi-speed laser lock-in thermography method as a contactless measurement tool for the evaluation of complex crack shapes up to 3 mm depth.
Vibrating wire sensors are widely used to monitor the deformation of large civil structures, such as dams, bridges and nuclear power plants. The operating principle is based on a stainless steel wire ...excited magnetically into resonance by a coil. The wire excitation is a key point for improving the sensor performances. This paper deals with the wire response under the effect of the coil placed at different positions and supplied by different excitation signals. The resonant frequencies of a wire without or with bending stiffness are derived. For each resonant frequency, the influence of the excitation position on the wire vibration is investigated using Green’s function method. The theoretical analysis is experimentally verified by measuring the sensor response in the cases of continuous, short-pulsed and long-pulsed excitations. It is shown that improper excitation may lead to measurement errors. The optimal excitation mode for maximizing the excitation efficiency and inhibiting the high-order resonant frequencies is discussed.
The implementation of space charge measurements based on thermal perturbation on thin films requires an improvement of the temperature distribution estimation at the surface and in the depth of ...dielectric materials for getting reliable space charge profile measurements. Absolute temperature variations are needed, both in time and space. The present contribution addresses surface temperature measurements based on either thermoelectric or bolometric effects. Both responses have been measured on copper-coated silicon nitride layers and gold-coated polypropylene films heated with a Nd:YAG laser pulse. It is shown that high temporal resolution thermal response can be obtained through the bolometric response and that the information appears nearly independent on the nature of the coating electrode. The setup developed provides good signal to noise ratio for heated electrodes of a few ohm resistance. Strategies are still to develop to get the temperature profile in the insulating sample layer.
Digitalization of any manufacture industry is a key step in any progress of the production process. The process of digitalization includes both increased use of robotics, automatization solutions and ...computerization, thereby allowing to reduce costs, to improve efficiency and productivity, and to be flexible to changes. Pharmaceutical Industry (PI) has however been resistant to digitalization, mainly due to fair experience and complexity of the entailed development and manufacture processes. Nevertheless, there is a clear need to digitalize PI as the demand in both traditional and new drugs is constantly growing. Contract Development Manufacture Organizations (CDMOs) have a special digitalizing challenge. Digitalization of PI, and CDMO precisely, should be tightly related to the main aspects of Good Manufacture Practice (GMP), and, to succeed in PI digitalizing requires constant focus on GMP. Close collaboration with constantly changing stakeholders is another important factor which should be in focus during digitalization of CDMO. This paper represents an overview over the main aspects of CDMO digitalization and discusses both the opportunities and challenges of the process, focusing on the practical solutions for successive digital implementation.
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•Nowadays Pharmaceutical Industry needs digitalization.•Manufacture digitalization is necessary for profitability, progress, and quality.•Good Manufacture Practice should be in focus under industrial digitalization.•To succeed with digitalization both opportunities and challenges should be in focus.
Monitoring of the coastline and coastal processes, in particular sediment movement, is vital to ensure that erosion response is appropriate given the dynamic nature of coastal systems. This should ...take place regularly over long periods and it is important that data are collected from submerged portions of the littoral zone, as well as the visible beach. This highlights two limitations in existing coastal monitoring techniques: 1. they require largely manual operation and 2. are limited to the visible beach, which results in an incomplete picture of what is happening in the coastal zone. Due to the current difficulties in gathering data beneath the sea surface, this paper reviews wireless sensor network (WSN) technology as a means to overcome these limitations. Analysis showed that WSNs are a promising technology for coastal monitoring, not only in terms of overcoming limitations, but also in terms of cost, safety, and the size of areas they are able to monitor. Previous work using WSNs in this environment is somewhat limited, especially as most current methods are largely limited to the visible beach, and do not consider submerged areas of the coastal zone. From consideration of the physical environment, geological and geographical processes, and informed by advances in technology, research gaps are identified, discussed and evaluated to provide strategies for implementation of WSNs to monitor sediment transport.
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•Monitoring sediment transport processes is important for understanding coastal erosion.•Existing coastal monitoring methods are limited to monitoring the visible beach.•Wireless Sensor Networks are a promising solution in overcoming this limitation.•This will enable greater understanding of erosion and the coastal environment.
Summary
Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is a progressive and painful disease syndrome that affects aged horses. It affects incisor, canine and infrequently cheek ...teeth, and is characterised by gingival inflammation, oedema and recession, calculus deposition, feed accumulation, subgingival swellings with or without associated draining tracts, bulbous enlargement of teeth, tooth mobility, associated periodontal disease, tooth fracture and/or tooth loss. The aetiology of EOTRH is likely to be multi‐factorial. However, histopathological findings consistently suggest an aetiological contribution of initial biomechanical stresses and strains, followed by secondary involvement of micro‐organisms. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, age and radiographic changes including lytic changes, widening or loss of the periodontal ligament, hypercementosis, tooth fracture and alveolar bone loss. Treatment of EOTRH is not currently possible, but the condition can be managed to some degree, quite successfully for many years in some cases. However, the disease is progressive and invariably results in extraction of the tooth or teeth involved. The prognosis is most probably guarded at best and poor in most cases; however, complete removal of affected teeth carries a good prognosis for an improved quality of life in the short to medium term.
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