Knud Andersen (1912, Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the Collections of the British Museum: I. Megachiroptera, British Museum of Natural History, London) divided Old World fruitbats (family ...Pteropodidae) into the rousettine, cynopterine, epomophorine, eonycterine, and notopterine sections. The latter two sections comprise the subfamily Macroglossinae; members of this subfamily exhibit specializations for nectarivory (e.g., elongated, protrusible, brushy tongues) and cluster together in cladistic analyses based on anatomical characters. Other evidence, including single-copy DNA hybridization, suggests that macroglossines are either paraphyletic or polyphyletic; this implies that adaptations for pollen and nectar feeding evolved independently in different macroglossine lineages or were lost in nonmacroglossines after evolving in a more basal common ancestor. Hybridization data also contradict Andersen's phylogeny in providing support for an endemic African clade that includes representatives of three of Andersen's sections. Here, we present complete mitochondrial 12S rRNA and valine tRNA gene sequences for 20 pteropodids, including representatives of all of Andersen's sections, and examine the aforementioned controversies. Maximum likelihood, minimum evolution, and maximum parsimony analyses all contradict macroglossine monophyly and provide support for an African clade that associates Megaloglossus and Lissonycteris and those two with Epomophorus. In conjunction with the DNA hybridization results, there are now independent lines of molecular evidence suggesting: (i) convergent evolution of specializations for nectarivory, at least in Megaloglossus versus other macroglossines, and (ii) a previously unrecognized clade of endemic Africa taxa. Estimates of divergence time based on 12S rRNA and DNA hybridization data are also in good agreement and suggest that extant fruitbats trace back to a common ancestor 25 million to 36 million years ago.
Superheroes have a considerable presence in our society and dominate popular media for boys and men, while often representing unattainable muscular ideals. The present research is the first to ...examine the effects of superheroes on men's body image and the moderating role of parasocial relationship status (PSR; a one-sided psychological bond) on those effects. Men who had vs. did not have a PSR with a superhero were exposed to a muscular vs. non-muscular image of that superhero. As predicted, exposure to a muscular superhero with whom a PSR did not exist made men feel bad about their bodies (Hypothesis 1). However, having a PSR with a muscular superhero not only eliminated the negative effects of exposure on body satisfaction, but also increased men's physical strength (Hypothesis 2). This research suggests that muscular superheroes change men's body image and that the direction of that change is determined by PSR status.
► This study examined the effects of superheroes on men's body image, with PSR status as a moderator. ► Exposure to a muscular non-PSR superhero made men feel bad about their bodies. ► Exposure to a muscular PSR superhero was not harmful and increased men's strength. ► Thus, the effects of muscular superheroes on men's body image depend on PSR status.
This paper presents work in the laboratory assessment of a new family of self-healing materials that hold promise for “crack-free” concrete or other cementitious composites. This innovative system ...features the design of passive smart microcapsules (PSMs) with oil core and silica gel shell, prepared through an interfacial self-assembly process and sol–gel reaction. Methylmethacrylate monomer and triethylborane were chosen as the healing agent and the catalyst for use in the system and were microencapsulated. The microcapsules were subsequently dispersed in fresh cement mortar along with carbon microfibers. The morphology of the microcapsules was examined by using a field emission scanning electron microscope. Mechanical tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were carried out to evaluate the self-healing effect of PSMs and the possible physicochemical changes or interactions in the carbon microfiber–reinforced mortar matrix.
Performance of second generation BABAR resistive plate chambers Anulli, F.; Baldini, R.; Calcaterra, A. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
11/2005, Letnik:
552, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The BABAR detector has operated nearly 200 Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs), constructed as part of an upgrade of the forward endcap muon detector, for the past two years. The RPCs experience widely ...different background and luminosity-driven singles rates (0.01–10
Hz/cm
2) depending on position within the endcap. Some regions have integrated over 0.3
C/cm
2. RPC efficiency measured with cosmic rays is high and stable. The average efficiency measured with beam is also high. However, a few of the highest rate RPCs have suffered efficiency losses of 5–15%. Although constructed with improved techniques and minimal use of linseed oil, many of the RPCs, which are operated in streamer mode, have shown increased dark currents and noise rates that are correlated with the direction of the gas flow and the integrated current. Studies of the above aging effects are presented and correlated with detector operating conditions.
BaBar forward endcap upgrade Anulli, F.; Baldini, R.; Calcaterra, A. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
02/2005, Letnik:
539, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The muon and neutral hadron detector (instrumented flux return or IFR) in the forward endcap of the BaBar detector at SLAC was upgraded by the installation of a new generation of resistive plate ...chambers (RPCs) and by increasing the absorber. The chamber replacement was made necessary by the rapid aging and efficiency loss of the original BaBar RPCs. Based on our experience with those original RPCs and 24 RPCs with thinner linseed oil treatments, improvements in the design, construction, and testing of the new generation RPCs were implemented and are described in detail.
The CMS+TOTEM Precision Proton Spectrometer operated for the first time in
2016, collecting data during $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV at the CERN
Large Hadron Collider. Procedures for the ...detector alignment, optics
corrections, and background estimations were developed, and applied to an
analysis of the process $pp \rightarrow p \mu^{+}\mu^{-} p^{(*)}$ with dimuon
masses larger than 110 GeV. A total of 12 candidate events are observed,
corresponding to an excess of $>4\sigma$ over the background prediction. This
constitutes the first evidence for this process at such masses, and
demonstrates the good performance of CT-PPS.
12S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences from a suite of mammalian taxa (13 placentals, 4 marsupials, 1 monotreme), for which phylogenetic relationships are well established based on independent ...criteria, were employed to study the evolution of this gene. Phylogenetic analysis of 12S sequences produces a phylogeny that agrees with expectations. Base composition provides evidence for directional symmetrical substitution pressure in loops; in stems, base composition is much more even. Rates of nucleotide substitution are lower in stems than loops. Patterns of nucleotide substitution show an overall preference for transitions over transversions, with this difference more profound in stems than loops. Among different transversion pathways, there is a wide range of transformation frequencies. An analysis of compensatory substitutions shows that there is strong evidence for their occurrence and that a weighting factor of 0.61 should be applied in phylogenetic analyses to account for the dependence of mutations at stem positions relative to positions where changes are independent. Among stem variables (i.e., stem length, interaction distance, substitution rates, G+C content, and the percentage of bases that are paired), several significant correlations were discovered, but stem length and interaction distance are uncorrelated with other variables.
A search for pair-production of first generation scalar leptoquarks is performed in the final state containing an electron, a neutrino, and at least two jets using proton-proton collision data at ...inline image. The data were collected by the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 pb super(-1. The number of observed events is in good agreement with the predictions for standard model processes. Prior CMS results in the dielectron channel are combined with this electron + neutrino search. A 95% confidence level combined lower limit is set on the mass of a first generation scalar leptoquark at 339 GeV for beta=0.5, where beta is the branching fraction of the leptoquark to an electron and a quark. These results represent the most stringent direct limits to date for values of beta greater than 0.05.)
A measurement of the ratio of the inclusive 3-jet to 2-jet cross sections as a function of the total jet transverse momentum, H sub(T), in the range 0.2<H sub(T)<2.5 TeV is presented. The data have ...been collected at a proton-proton centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 36 pb super(-1). Comparisons are made between the data and the predictions of different QCD-based Monte Carlo models for multijet production. All models considered in this study are consistent with the data for H sub(T)>0.5 TeV. This measurement extends to an H sub(T) range that has not been explored before.
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