There are approximately 400,000 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) student athletes and 5-7 million high school student athletes competing each year. According to the US Department of ...Health and Human Services, the depression prevalence rate for young adults, which ranges from 10% to 85% across studies, is higher than that of other age groups. Given the relatively high prevalence of depression in individuals of collegiate age in the general population, the prevalence of depression among athletes in this age group warrants further study. This multiyear study examined the prevalence of depressive symptoms in college athletes, as well as demographic factors related to increased or decreased rates of depressive symptoms by gender and sport.
To describe the prevalence of depression symptoms among NCAA division I student athletes at a single institution over 3 consecutive years.
Participants (n=465) completed a battery of measures during their yearly spring sports medicine physical across 3 consecutive years. The battery included the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and a demographic questionnaire, administered during the course of routine sports medicine physical examinations. Differences in depressive symptoms prevalence and relative risk ratios were calculated by gender and sport.
The prevalence rate for a clinically relevant level of depressive symptoms, as measured on the CES-D (CES-D ≥16), was 23.7%. A moderate to severe level of depressive symptoms was reported by 6.3%. There was a significant gender difference in prevalence of depressive symptoms, χ(2) (1)=7.459, p=0.006, with female athletes exhibiting 1.844 times the risk of male athletes for endorsing clinically relevant symptoms.
The CES-D identified clinically relevant levels of depressive symptoms in nearly one-quarter of college student athletes in this large cross-sectional sample. Female college athletes reported significantly more depressive symptoms than males. Findings suggest that depression prevalence among college athletes is comparable to that found in the general college population. In light of these findings, sports medicine personnel may wish to implement depression screening and assessment of depressive symptoms across sports to identify at-risk athletes. Risk factors related to depression in college athletes warrant additional study.
A series of bipyridine platinum(II) complexes with different sizes of triangular metallacycles and alkyl/oligoether chains has been synthesized and characterized. They are packed in a zig‐zag fashion ...with the formation of dimeric structures according to their X‐ray crystal structures. Different emission origins are observed due to the different sizes of the triangular ligands. Their morphologies could be tuned by the modification of the molecular structures with different metallacyclic alkynyl ligands and alkyl/oligoether chains and solvents. More interestingly, unusual electronic absorption changes and upfield shifts of the aromatic proton resonances are observed upon increasing the temperature, suggesting further aggregation of the architectures. Near‐infrared (NIR) emission is also realized through the tuning of the π–π stacking, Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt interactions, and the packing of planar metallacycles.
Triangle of light! A series of bipyridine platinum(II) complexes with different sizes of triangular metallacycles and alkyl/oligoether chains demonstrates that the emission origin is dependent on the size of triangular metallacycles. Their aggregation behaviors are induced by solvents and promoted by temperature. NIR emission is realized due to the formation of the strong π–π stacking and Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt interactions induced by the close packing of the planar metallacycle.
A series of amphiphilic platinum(II) complexes with tridentate N-donor ligands has been synthesized and characterized. Different supramolecular architectures are constructed using the amphiphilic ...molecules as the building blocks through the formation of Pt···Pt and π–π stacking interactions in aqueous media. The aggregation–deaggregation–aggregation self-assembly behavior together with obvious spectroscopic changes could be fine-tuned by the addition of THF in aqueous media. More interestingly, one of the complexes is found to show fast response and high selectivity toward alcohol and water vapors with good reversibility, leading to drastic color and luminescence changes, and hence unique dual switching behavior, with the water molecules readily displaced by the alcohol vapor. Rapid writing and erasure have been realized via the control of a jet or a stream of alcohol vapor flow. In addition, it has been employed as active materials in the fabrication of small-molecule solution-processable resistive memory devices, exhibiting stable and promising binary memory performance with threshold voltages of ca. 3.4 V, high ON/OFF ratios of up to 105 and long retention times of over 104 s. The vapochromic and vapoluminescent materials are demonstrated to have potential applications in chemosensing, logic gates, VOC monitoring, and memory functions.
A novel class of luminescent phosphole oxide-containing alkynylgold(III) complex has been synthesized, characterized, and applied as active material in the fabrication of solution-processable ...resistive memory devices. Incorporation of the phosphole oxide moiety in gold(III) system has been demonstrated to provide an extra charge-trapping site, giving rise to intriguing ternary memory performances with distinct and low switching threshold voltages, high OFF/ON1/ON2 current ratio of 1/103/107, and long retention time for the three states. The present study offers vital insights for the future development of multilevel memory devices using small-molecule organometallic compounds.
A thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) tetrametallic Cu(I) metallacycle A behaves as a conformationally adaptive preorganized precursor to afford, through straightforward and rational ...coordination-driven supramolecular processes, a variety of room-temperature solid-state luminescent polymetallic assemblies. Reacting various cyano-based building blocks with A, a homometallic Cu(I) 1D-helical coordination polymer C and Cu8M discrete circular heterobimetallic assemblies D M (M = Ni, Pd, Pt) are obtained. Their luminescence behaviors are studied, revealing notably the crucial impact of the spin–orbit coupling offered by the central M metal center on the photophysical properties of the heterobimetallic D M derivatives.
A series of luminescent polynuclear alkynylgold(I) complexes with different lengths of alkyl chains attached at the N‐heterocyclic carbene moieties has been synthesised and demonstrated to display ...intriguing self‐assembly behaviours through a cooperative growth mechanism. Variation of the alkyl chain length was found to cause drastic morphological differences in the aggregates and to strongly affect the thermodynamic parameters as revealed by the nucleation–elongation model.
Turnover a new leaf: A series of luminescent non‐amphiphilic polynuclear alkynylgold(I) complexes has been synthesised and demonstrated to undergo self‐assembly in a THF–water mixture through a cooperative growth mechanism. Simple modifications of the alkyl chain length were found to cause drastic morphological differences in the aggregates and to strongly affect the thermodynamic parameters of the self‐assembly process (see figure).
A novel class of luminescent trinuclear alkynylgold(I) complexes with N-alkyl substituted triindole ligands has been synthesized and characterized. They are found to exhibit rich photophysical and ...electrochemical properties. The complexes have been demonstrated to display interesting supramolecular assembly with spherical nanostructures in aqueous THF solution through a cooperative growth mechanism. The self-assembly process is shown to be mediated by the π–π stacking interactions and hydrophobic–hydrophobic interactions of the triindole moieties upon solvent modulation. These gold(I) complexes have been employed as active materials in the fabrication of solution-processable resistive memory devices, showing promising binary memory performances with low switching threshold voltages of ca. 1.5 V, high ON/OFF current ratio of up to 105, long retention time of over 104 s, and excellent stability. The present work opens up a new avenue for the future design of versatile organogold(I) complexes that could serve as multifunctional materials.
The rational design of a new class of photoresponsive tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum(III) (Alq3) complexes has been developed. By incorporating the photochromic dithienylethene units with ...different peripheral heterocycles into the Alq3 framework, the photochromic properties as well as photoswitching efficiency can be readily modulated, through effective photocyclization of the Al(III) complex. Such intrinsic photochromic behavior leads to the unprecedented enhancement in the electron-transporting properties as demonstrated by the as-fabricated electron-only device, rendering the realization of photoswitchable electron mobility. In addition, one of these complexes is capable of serving as an active layer for solution-processable resistive memory devices. Photocontrollable memory performance has been achieved with a binary memory behavior, with high ON/OFF ratio and long retention time. This work represents not only the first example of photoresponsive Alq3-based electron-transporting materials but also the solution-processable Alq3-based optical and resistive memory devices with photocontrollable performance.
The raindrop size distribution (DSD) is essential information for understanding rain attenuation effects at millimeter wavelengths. The DSD was measured in Albuquerque, NM, USA, as a part of the ...W/V-band Terrestrial Link Experiment. An optical disdrometer from Thies Clima was used to measure both size and velocity of rain droplets. The measured DSD consistently showed a unique property of two log-linear distributions regionally separable by drop size under variable rain rates. The functional fit that best represents our measured data with rain rates under 40 mm/h is presented. Based on the DSD, rain specific attenuation is estimated at 72 and 84 GHz with Mie scattering theory. These estimated rain attenuations can be used and validated for rain attenuation analysis of the millimeter wave propagation experiments under similar climate conditions. This letter will guide millimeter wave communication system designers to estimate the rain attenuation based on their own DSD measurements.
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