The levels of several hormones fluctuate according to the light and dark cycle and are also affected by sleep, feeding, and general behavior. The regulation and metabolism of several hormones are ...influenced by interactions between the effects of sleep and the intrinsic circadian system; growth hormone, melatonin, cortisol, leptin, and ghrelin levels are highly correlated with sleep and circadian rhythmicity. There are also endogenous circadian mechanisms that serve to regulate glucose metabolism and similar rhythms pertaining to lipid metabolism, regulated through the actions of various clock genes. Sleep disturbance, which negatively impacts hormonal rhythms and metabolism, is also associated with obesity, insulin insensitivity, diabetes, hormonal imbalance, and appetite dysregulation. Circadian disruption, typically induced by shift work, may negatively impact health due to impaired glucose and lipid homeostasis, reversed melatonin and cortisol rhythms, and loss of clock gene rhythmicity.
Visible and near-infrared (VNIR) hyperspectral imaging (400–900 nm) was used to evaluate pH of fresh chicken breast fillets (pectoralis major muscle) from the bone (dorsal) side of individual ...fillets. After the principal component analysis (PCA), a band threshold method was applied to the first principal component (PC1) score image in order to get the region of interest (ROI). Then, the average reflective spectrum of ROI of each image was acquired by inverse PCA transform. Eight pretreatment algorithms were evaluated for partial least squares regression (PLSR) models. The PLSR model with the pretreatment of multiplicative scatter correction followed by second derivative showed the best performance with coefficients of determination for validation (Rv2) of 0.87, root mean square error for validation (RMSEv) of 0.16 and the ratio of percentage deviation (RPD) of 2.02. Optimal 20 wavelengths were selected using competitive adaptive reweighed sampling (CARS) method to develop a new multispectral PLSR model, leading to an enhanced result with Rv2 of 0.94, RMSEv of 0.06 and RPD of 3.55. To assess the performance of the prediction models, new ROIs where pH values were measured using a pH probe, were defined and corresponding mean spectra were used as an independent test set of the new multispectral PLSR model. Coefficients of determination for independent test set (Rp2) and root mean square error for independent test set (RMSEp) were 0.73 and 0.29, respectively. The prediction image showing the spatial distribution of the predicted pH values was generated to analyze the spatial context of pH values as well as the overall pH level of each fillet. The results demonstrated that VNIR hyperspectral imaging could be used to predict spatial and global pH values of fresh chicken breast meat.
•VNIR hyperspectral imaging for evaluation of pH values of fresh chicken breast fillets.•Score images of PCA were used to indentify region of interest.•Enhanced multispectral PLSR model based on selected wavelengths using CARS was got.•Independent test set showed the enhanced multispectral PLSR model was reliable.•Distribution maps showed how pH varied between samples and pixels within one sample.
Introduction The aim of this study is to investigate the diagnostic characteristic of the narcoleptic groups, which are categorized based on the presence of nocturnal sleep onset rapid eye movement ...sleep period (nSOREMP). Methods Subjects included 167 narcoleptic patients diagnosed at the St. Vincent Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea. They underwent polysomnography and Multiple Sleep Latency Test for objective sleep parameter. The standardized face to face interview and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was used to inquire about daytime functioning of patients. Overall retrospective chart review was performed on their sleep health data. Results Subjects without nSOREMP demonstrated a higher percentage of stage 1 sleep and more frequent arousals. This signified that they were having a lower quality of sleep compared to the subjects without nSOREMP. In terms of daytime functioning, they showed lower ESS score (P=0.05) in the group without cataplexy. Conclusion The presence of nSOREMP and cataplexy demonstrates worse daytime functioning and lower quality of sleep at night. Our study thereby suggests that nSOREMP possibly be the predictor of the symptoms and prognosis of narcolepsy patients. Support (If Any) There is nothing to be declared.
Hyperspectral images integrate spatial and spectral details together. They can provide valuable information about both external physical and internal chemical characteristics of agricultural and food ...products rapidly and non-destructively. Despite rapid improvements in instruments and acquisition techniques, the collected high-quality hyperspectral images still contain much useless information, like uneven illumination, background, specular reflection, and bad pixels that need to be removed. That is, hyperspectral image preprocessing is necessary for almost each hyperspectral image to get pure images or pixels, or to reduce negative influences on the subsequent detection, classification, and prediction analysis. This manuscript will enumerate some possible solutions to deal with issues mentioned above before further image analyzing. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods when dealing with a specific problem are also discussed. Obtained clean images or pure signals can be used for further data analysis. Finally, post-processing of hyperspectral images can be carried out to enhance the classification result of images or to generate chemical images/distribution maps to show spatial component concentration distributions of non-homogeneous samples.
•Hyperspectral image processing was divided into pre- and post-processing based on stage.•Pre-processing was carried out to obtain clean images and pure spectra.•Principles and applications of different pre- and post-processing techniques were introduced.•Purpose of post-processing was to generate visualization maps and enhancing classification results.
•Five quality traits were dimensionally reduced and were presented as new PCs by PCA.•A feasible chicken quality grades classification method by PC1 score was proposed.•The PC1 score value of each ...fillet could be rapidly predicted using Vis/NIRS.•The predicted PC1 score values could be classified into 3 quality grades.
In this study visible/near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis/NIRS) was evaluated to rapidly classify intact chicken breast fillets. Five principal components (PC) were extracted from reference quality traits (L∗, pH, drip loss, expressible fluid, and salt-induced water gain). A quality grades classification method by PC1 score was proposed. With this method, 150 chicken fillets were properly classified into three quality grades, i.e., DFD (dark, firm and dry), normal, and PSE (pale, soft and exudative). Furthermore, PC1 score could be predicted using partial least squares regression (PLSR) model based on Vis/NIRS (R2p = 0.78, RPD = 1.9), without the measurement of any quality traits. Thresholds of PC1 classification method were applied to classify the predicted PC1 score values of each fillet into three quality grades. The classification accuracy of calibration and prediction set were 85% and 80%, respectively. Results revealed that PC1 score classification method is feasible, and with Vis/NIRS, this method could be rapidly implemented.
To determine the origin and genetic consequences of anagenesis in Rubus takesimensis on Ulleung Island, Korea, we compared the genetic diversity and population structure of R. takesimensis with those ...of its continental progenitor R. crataegifolius. We broadly sampled a total of 315 accessions in 35 populations and sequenced five noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA. Rubus takesimensis emerged as nonmonophyletic and several geographically diverse continental populations were likely responsible for the origin of R. takesimensis; the majority of R. takesimensis accessions were sisters to the clade containing accessions of R. crataegifolius, primarily from the Korean peninsula, while rare accessions from three populations shared common ancestors with the ones from the southern part of the Korean peninsula, Jeju Island, and Japan. A few accessions from the Chusan population originated independently from the Korean peninsula. Of 129 haplotypes, 81 and 48 were found exclusively in R. crataegifolius and R. takesimensis, respectively. We found unusually high genetic diversity in two regions on Ulleung Island and no geographic population structure. For R. crataegifolius, two major haplotype groups were found; one for the northern mainland Korean peninsula, and the other for the southern Korean peninsula and the Japanese archipelago. Compared with populations of R. crataegifolius sampled from Japan, much higher haplotype diversity was found in populations from the Korean peninsula. The patterns of genetic consequences in R. takesimensis need to be verified for other endemic species based on chloroplast DNA and independent nuclear markers to synthesize emerging patterns of anagenetic speciation on Ulleung Island.
White striping (WS), an emerging muscle myopathy in poultry industry, is gaining increasing attention globally. In this study, visible and near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (HSI, 400–1000 nm) was ...investigated for developing an optical sensing technique to differentiate WS broiler breast fillets (pectoralis major) from normal fillets. The minimum noise fraction (MNF), followed by an inverse MNF (IMNF), was conducted to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of hyperspectral images during the pre-processing process. Three regions of interest (ROIs) were selected at cranial, middle and caudal locations within each fillet image. Spectral principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that PC2 and PC3 were effective for the differentiation and key wavelengths (450, 492, 541, 581, 629, 869 and 980 nm) were selected from the corresponding PC loadings. Spatial texture features on corresponding score images were obtained using gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and grayscale histogram statistics (GHS), respectively. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were evaluated with various inputs including spectral (full and key wavelengths), textural and fused features. GLCM features improved performance of multispectral imaging with the highest correct classification rate (CCR) of 91.7%, AUC value (0.917), and Kappa coefficient (0.833) for prediction set. Considering the complexity and heterogeneity of meat samples at different locations, the optimal sampling location was also analyzed and results provided the evidence that the cranial location worked most effectively for the differentiation between normal and WS samples. Overall, results confirmed the great potential of HSI in range of 400–1000 nm in differentiation between normal and WS chicken breast meat.
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•HSI technique was used for rapidly detecting white striping broiler breast meat.•Spectral PCA showed PC2 and PC3 were effective for classifying NORM and WS.•Textural features of PC2 and PC3 score images were extracted by GLCM and GHS.•Fused spectral and GLCM textural data gave improved performance.•Due to the spatial heterogeneity, cranial region was tested to be recommended.
The aim of this study was to classify and visualize tenderness of intact fresh broiler breast fillets using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technique. A total of 75 chicken fillets were scanned by HSI ...system of 400–1000nm in reflectance mode. Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) value was used as reference tenderness indicator and fillets were grouped into least, moderately and very tender categories accordingly. To extract additional image textural features, principal component analysis (PCA) transform of images were conducted and gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) analysis was implemented in region of interests (ROIs) on first three PC score images. Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) or radial basis function-support vector machine (RBF-SVM) was developed for predicting tenderness based on full wavelengths (CCR=0.92), selected wavelengths (CCR=0.84), textural or combined data (CCR=0.88). Classification maps were created by pixels prediction in images and breast fillet tenderness was readily discernible. Overall, HSI technique is a promising methodology for predicting tenderness of intact fresh broiler breast meat.
•Fresh intact broiler breast fillets tenderness was predicted using HSI technique.•Textural data of first three PC images of ROIs were extracted by GLCM.•Eight tenderness-related wavelengths were selected by UVE and SPA.•Classification models were developed by not only spectral but also textural data.•Classification maps were built to visualize fillet meat tenderness.
As the operations management (OM) and supply chain management (SCM) field has evolved, a greater emphasis on services has emerged. The healthcare industry represents an important sector within ...services, however, little is known about the current state of research into healthcare OM and SCM. The purpose of this research is to conduct a structured analysis of OM and SCM studies conducted in healthcare and inform three key questions: (1) what are the primary topics or themes in the extant healthcare OM and SCM literature, (2) what are the prevalent methodological approaches employed in healthcare OM and SCM, and (3) what does the future of OM and SCM research in healthcare hold?
The questions are informed via a structured analysis of healthcare papers published between 1982 and 2011 in seven esteemed scholarly journal outlets in the OM and SCM field—Decision Sciences Journal, International Journal of Operations and Production Management, International Journal of Production Economics, Journal of Operations Management, Journal of Supply Chain Management, Production and Operations Management, and Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. Through screening 9979 papers, and carefully analyzing the literature, this study makes at least four important contributions by: (1) using quantitative methods to identify the current investigatory themes, (2) quantifying methodological trends, (3) providing a qualitative narrative description of the top research themes, and 4) qualitatively describing directions for future research.
Type 1 narcolepsy, a disorder caused by a lack of hypocretin (orexin), is so strongly associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II HLA-DQA1∗01:02-DQB1∗06:02 (DQ0602) that very few ...non-DQ0602 cases have been reported. A known triggering factor for narcolepsy is pandemic 2009 influenza H1N1, suggesting autoimmunity triggered by upper-airway infections. Additional effects of other HLA-DQ alleles have been reported consistently across multiple ethnic groups. Using over 3,000 case and 10,000 control individuals of European and Chinese background, we examined the effects of other HLA loci. After careful matching of HLA-DR and HLA-DQ in case and control individuals, we found strong protective effects of HLA-DPA1∗01:03-DPB1∗04:02 (DP0402; odds ratio OR = 0.51 0.38–0.67, p = 1.01 × 10−6) and HLA-DPA1∗01:03-DPB1∗04:01 (DP0401; OR = 0.61 0.47–0.80, p = 2.07 × 10−4) and predisposing effects of HLA-DPB1∗05:01 in Asians (OR = 1.76 1.34–2.31, p = 4.71 × 10−05). Similar effects were found by conditional analysis controlling for HLA-DR and HLA-DQ with DP0402 (OR = 0.45 0.38–0.55 p = 8.99 × 10−17) and DP0501 (OR = 1.38 1.18–1.61, p = 7.11 × 10−5). HLA-class-II-independent associations with HLA-A∗11:01 (OR = 1.32 1.13–1.54, p = 4.92 × 10−4), HLA-B∗35:03 (OR = 1.96 1.41–2.70, p = 5.14 × 10−5), and HLA-B∗51:01 (OR = 1.49 1.25–1.78, p = 1.09 × 10−5) were also seen across ethnic groups in the HLA class I region. These effects might reflect modulation of autoimmunity or indirect effects of HLA class I and HLA-DP alleles on response to viral infections such as that of influenza.
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