Prispevek obravnava jezik šestnajstih pridig iz leta 1905, ki so nastale v Župniji Črenšovci izpod peresa Jožefa Horvata, takratnega tamkajšnjega kaplana (1905–1912), po izvoru gradiščanskega Hrvata ...iz Velike Narde. Gre za njegove prve pridige, ki jih je pisal oz. skušal pisati v prekmurskem (knjižnem) jeziku, v njih pa se v veliki meri kažejo elementi njegovega maternega jezika, tj. gradiščanske hrvaščine, ki temelji na čakavski hrvaščini, vendar ima tudi štokavske in kajkavske poteze. Jezik je analiziran na glasoslovni, oblikoslovni in besedni ravni, pri čemer se osredinjam na tiste elemente, ki niso skupni prekmurskemu in hrvaškemu jezikovnemu prostoru.
Despite an improvement in worldwide numbers, road traffic crashes still cause social, psychological, and financial damage and cost most countries 3% of their gross domestic product. However, none of ...the current commercial or open-source navigation systems contain spatial information about road traffic crash hot spots. By developing an algorithm that can adequately predict such spatial patterns, we can bridge these still existing gaps in road traffic safety. To that end, geographically weighted regression and regression tree models were fitted with five uncorrelated (environmental and socioeconomic) road traffic crash predictor variables. Significant regional differences in adverse weather conditions were identified; Slovenia lies at the conjunction of different climatic zones characterized by differences in weather phenomena, which further modify traffic safety. Thus, more attention to speed limits, safety distance, and other vehicles entering and leaving the system could be expected. In order to further improve road safety and better implement globally sustainable development goals, studies with applicative solutions are urgently needed. Modern vehicle-to-vehicle communication technologies could soon support drivers with real-time traffic data and thus potentially prevent road network crashes.
In this article, I supplement the collection of Prekmurje Catholic sermons discovered and recorded so far, both printed and handwritten. I note that in Slovenia, little research attention is paid to ...this topic, while an extensive corpus of sermons kept in archives, parishes and libraries and published in an older Prekmurje newspapers, calls for a more thorough analysis of their language, style, culture of worship expression, the relationship between elements of dialect and super-dialect and the influence of the Slovene standard language. At the same time, it testifies to the extensive and continuous preaching activities of Prekmurje Catholic priests, who defied Hungarian denationalization and strived for cultural development and national awareness of Hungarian Slovenes by worship in the Slovene (Prekmurje) language, especially in the early 20th century.
•Genetically encoded fluorescent cAMP sensors have enabled the first measurements of the temporal dynamics of cAMP signalling in living astrocytes.•Compared with Ca2+ signalling with fast phasic ...dynamics, cAMP signalling in astrocytes -exhibits >4-fold slower tonic dynamics.•Ca2+ potentiates cAMP signalling -in astrocytes, indicating cross-talk between the Ca2+- and cAMP-signalling pathways.•Astroglial cAMP signalling in subcellular compartments needs to be evaluated in the future.
To maintain a high level of specificity and normal cell function, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway is tightly regulated in space and time. Recent advances in cAMP reporter technology have provided insights into spatio-temporal characteristics of cAMP signalling in individual living cells, including astrocytes. Astrocytes are glial cells in the central nervous system with many homeostatic functions. In contrast to neurons, astrocytes are electrically silent, but, in response to extracellular stimuli through activation of surface receptors, they can increase intracellular levels of secondary messengers, e.g. Ca2+ and cAMP. This enables them to communicate with neighbouring cells, such as neurons and endothelial cells of blood vessels. The dynamics of receptor-mediated Ca2+ signalling in astrocytes has been extensively studied in the past in contrast to cAMP signalling. Here, we present the first insights into the temporal dynamics of cAMP signalling in living astrocytes, which revealed that cAMP signals in astrocytes exhibit tonic dynamics and are slower than Ca2+ signals with phasic dynamics. We debate on the heterogeneity of basal cAMP levels in astrocytes and how hypotonicity-induced astrocyte swelling affects temporal dynamics of cAMP signalling. Understanding the spatio-temporal characteristics of cAMP signalling in astrocytes is of extreme importance because cAMP governs many important cellular processes and any malfunctions may lead to pathology.
Novel interactions between introduced and native species commonly occur and can even be predicted from existing native interactions in a certain area. However, novel interactions between two species ...both alien to a region are less common and can result in intriguing relationships. In this study, we investigate how the North American honey locust
Gleditsia triacanthos
might benefit from a novel interaction with an Asian monophagous seed beetle
Megabruchidius dorsalis
, which recently switched its host, in the introduced range of Europe. The honey locust tree is a popular ornamental in Europe and has been reported to escape cultivated areas. We observed spontaneous occurrence of seedlings, saplings, and young trees in the wider urban area of Maribor, Slovenia. We collected mature honey locust pods at several locations and investigated the possible reasons for dormancy break in physically dormant seeds and their successful germination in an urban environment by performing imbibition and germination experiments with variously treated seeds. Our results show that the success of honey locust imbibition and germination can be related to
M. dorsalis
larva acting as a scarifying agent and thus breaking the seed dormancy, delaying germination, and enabling asynchronous germination. However, the beneficial effect of larvae on germination is possible only if the larva drills the entrance hole, but dies before the seed germinates. Here we show that novel interaction established can occasionally act as mutual facilitation in which each species aids the other to exist and even to increase their invasion success.
Astrocytes, heterogeneous neuroglial cells, contribute to metabolic homeostasis in the brain by providing energy substrates to neurons. In contrast to predominantly oxidative neurons, astrocytes are ...considered primarily as glycolytic cells. They take up glucose from the circulation and in the process of aerobic glycolysis (despite the normal oxygen levels) produce
L
-lactate, which is then released into the extracellular space
via
lactate transporters and possibly channels. Astroglial
L
-lactate can enter neurons, where it is used as a metabolic substrate, or exit the brain
via
the circulation. Recently,
L
-lactate has also been considered to be a signaling molecule in the brain, but the mechanisms of
L
-lactate signaling and how it contributes to the brain function remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we provide an overview of
L
-lactate signaling mechanisms in the brain and present novel insights into the mechanisms of
L
-lactate signaling
via
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with the focus on astrocytes. We discuss how increased extracellular
L
-lactate upregulates cAMP production in astrocytes, most likely
via
L
-lactate-sensitive G
s
-protein coupled GPCRs. This activates aerobic glycolysis, enhancing
L
-lactate production and accumulation of lipid droplets, suggesting that
L
-lactate augments its own production in astrocytes (i.e., metabolic excitability) to provide more
L
-lactate for neurons and that astrocytes in conditions of increased extracellular
L
-lactate switch to lipid metabolism.
Abstract
Most cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) have cytoplasmic inclusions of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) in neurons and non-neuronal cells, ...including astrocytes, which metabolically support neurons with nutrients. Neuronal metabolism largely depends on the activation of the noradrenergic system releasing noradrenaline. Activation of astroglial adrenergic receptors with noradrenaline triggers cAMP and Ca
2+
signaling and augments aerobic glycolysis with production of lactate, an important neuronal energy fuel. Astrocytes with cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions can cause motor neuron death, however, whether astroglial metabolism and metabolic support of neurons is altered in astrocytes with TDP-43 inclusions, is unclear. We measured lipid droplet and glucose metabolisms in astrocytes expressing the inclusion-forming C-terminal fragment of TDP-43 or the wild-type TDP-43 using fluorescent dyes or genetically encoded nanosensors. Astrocytes with TDP-43 inclusions exhibited a 3-fold increase in the accumulation of lipid droplets versus astrocytes expressing wild-type TDP-43, indicating altered lipid droplet metabolism. In these cells the noradrenaline-triggered increases in intracellular cAMP and Ca
2+
levels were reduced by 35% and 31%, respectively, likely due to the downregulation of β
2
-adrenergic receptors. Although noradrenaline triggered a similar increase in intracellular lactate levels in astrocytes with and without TDP-43 inclusions, the probability of activating aerobic glycolysis was facilitated by 1.6-fold in astrocytes with TDP-43 inclusions and lactate MCT1 transporters were downregulated. Thus, while in astrocytes with TDP-43 inclusions noradrenergic signaling is reduced, aerobic glycolysis and lipid droplet accumulation are facilitated, suggesting dysregulated astroglial metabolism and metabolic support of neurons in TDP-43-associated ALS and FTD.
Azijski hrošč semenar Megabruchidius dorsalis, ki se razvija v semenih azijskih vrst gledičevk (Gleditsia), je bil v Evropi prvič zabeležen v Italiji leta 1989, v Sloveniji pa prvič v Mariboru leta ...2017. Pojavlja se še v 15 drugih evropskih državah. V novem okolju je vrsta preskočila na dva nova gostitelja iz Severne Amerike, trnato gledičevko (Gleditsia triacanthos) in rogovilarja (Gymnoladus dioicus), sicer oba sorodna azijskim vrstam gledičevke. Med našo raziskavo smo nabrali zrele stroke trnate gledičevke in rogovilarja na različnih lokacijah po osrednji in severovzhodni Sloveniji z namenom raziskati razširjenost M. dorsalis zunaj prvih opisanih lokacij v Mariboru. Stroke smo gojili v gojitvenih vrečah pod stalnimi razmerami v laboratoriju. Vrsto M. dorsalis smo potrdili v šestih krajih po Sloveniji. Na 36 lokacijah (97 %) smo našli izhodne luknje na strokih in semenih, značilne za M. dorsalis, žive ali mrtve hrošče pa smo našli na 26 lokacijah (70 %).
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