Testing Disagreement Models CHANG, YEN‐CHENG; HSIAO, PEI‐JIE; LJUNGQVIST, ALEXANDER ...
The Journal of finance (New York),
August 2022, Letnik:
77, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
ABSTRACT
We provide plausibly identified evidence for the role of investor disagreement in asset pricing. Our natural experiment exploits the staggered implementation of the Electronic Data ...Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval (EDGAR) system, which induces a reduction in investor disagreement. Consistent with models of investor disagreement, EDGAR inclusion helps resolve disagreement around information events, leading to stock price corrections. The reduction in disagreement following EDGAR inclusion also reduces stock price crash risk, especially among stocks with binding short‐sale constraints and high investor optimism.
Most patients with facial scarring would value even a slight improvement in scar quality. Botulinum toxin A is widely used to alleviate facial dynamic rhytides but is also believed to improve scar ...quality by reducing wound tension during healing. The main objective was to assess the effect of Botulinum toxin on scars resultant from standardized upper lip wounds.
In this double-blinded, randomized, vehicle-controlled, prospective clinical trial, 60 consecutive consenting adults undergoing cleft lip scar revision (CLSR) surgery between July 2010 and March 2012 were randomized to receive botulinum toxin A (n = 30) or vehicle (normal saline; n = 30) injections into the subjacent orbicularis oris muscle immediately after wound closure. Scars were independently assessed at 6-months follow-up in blinded fashion using: Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and photographic plus ultrasound measurements of scar widths.
58 patients completed the trial. All scar assessment modalities revealed statistically significantly better scars in the experimental than the vehicle-control group.
Quality of surgical upper lip scars, which are oriented perpendicular to the direction of pull of the underlying orbicularis oris muscle, is significantly improved by its temporary paralysis during wound healing.
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01429402.
Background
Reconstruction of total or near‐total nasal defects is challenging and requires the re‐creation of three nasal layers. Fasciocutaneous free flaps have been used effectively for restoring ...the vascularized nasal lining and staged forehead flap for nasal skin replacement, which is a long process. The aim of this study is to share our experience of combination of preliminary free tissue transfer with paramedian forehead flap reconstruction in the same stage of complex nasal reconstruction.
Methods
From December 2015 to July 2021, 10 patients underwent nasal reconstruction with free flaps including 4 medial sural artery perforator (MSAP) flaps, 5 anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps and 1 radial forearm flap for lining and forehead flaps for skin coverage simultaneously for total or subtotal nasal defects. Nasal obstruction symptoms evaluation (NOSE) score was utilized to evaluate the functional outcome and the aesthetic results were evaluated with the last follow‐up photos with score 1–5 by 5 plastic surgeon and 5 laypersons.
Results
The size of the free flaps ranged from 3 cm x 6 cm to 6 cm x 13 cm. After excluding one patient who expired before forehead flap division due to comorbidities, the average duration between combination surgery and the division of the forehead flap pedicle of the remaining patients was 5.7 months (range, 2–12). For patients without any postoperative events, the duration was 2.2 months (range, 2–3). One free flap had partial necrosis due to infection. The average follow‐up duration was 29.6 months (range, 12–64). The NOSE score was 5.9 (range, 0–10) and the aesthetic score is 4.1 (range, 3–5) in average.
Conclusions
The combination of preliminary free tissue transfer for nasal lining restoration with a paramedian forehead flap for nasal skin replacement in the same stage may shorten the long process and achieve satisfactory reconstruction in complex nasal reconstruction.
Aims
Papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity (PRNRP) is a newly defined entity with distinct histomorphology and recurrent KRAS mutation. It has been estimated to constitute 4% of previously ...diagnosed papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC). Renal papillary adenoma (PA) is suggested to be the precursor of PRCC. This study aimed to investigate the association between PRNRP and PA, particularly the morphologically similar type D PA.
Methods and results
Nephrectomy specimens of PRCC and PA from our 10‐year pathology archives were retrieved and reviewed. GATA3 immunohistochemistry and RAS/BRAF testing were performed in all cases reclassified as PRNRP and all PAs with sufficient materials. Overall, PRNRP accounted for 9.1% (10 of 110) of PRCC and there was no recurrence/metastasis with a mean follow‐up period of 39 months. Three novel morphological features were described, including clear cell change, mast cell infiltration and metaplastic ossification. Nine of the 10 PRNRPs showed diffuse and strong GATA3 expression and KRAS missense mutations at codon 12. One case exhibited moderate GATA3 staining on 80% of the tumour cells and RAS/BRAF wild‐type. In a total of 73 PAs, 11 were classified as type D. GATA3 expression was significantly more frequent in type D versus non‐type D PAs (100 versus 35%, P < 0.01). KRAS missense mutations were identified in six of eight (75%) of the type D PAs but none of the 18 non‐type D PAs.
Conclusions
Type D PA was different from other types of PA and represented an analogue or a small‐sized PRNRP for their identical morphology, immunophenotype and molecular signature.
Phosphate level is often deranged during acute illness, regardless of the presence of kidney injury or not. A few studies described that hypophosphatemia may associated with outcome in patients ...admitted to the burn unit, but the literatures for hyperphosphatemia is limited. Our study aims to evaluate if hyperphosphatemia, one of the sign of severe tissue damage or kidney injury, will associate with mortality of patients with severe burns.
The study was a post hoc analysis of prospectively collected data from patients admitted to the burn unit between September 2006 and December 2011. Patients were stratified into normophosphatemic or hyperphosphatemic group by baseline plasma phosphate level. The primary endpoint is 90-day mortality.
Total 301 patients were included (hyperphosphatemia: n = 52; normophosphatemia: n = 249). The hyperphosphatemic group had lower Glasgow Coma Scale, mean arterial blood pressure, hemoglobin level, albumin, and higher TBSA of burns, APACHE II score, ABSI score, Acute kidney injury (AKI), and creatinine. The 90-day mortality was higher in the hyperphosphatemic group than in the normal group (53.8% vs 18.1%, P < .001) and this difference was still significant when adjusting for several confounding factors (hazard ratio, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.17-3.59). Multivariable Cox analysis showed risk factors of mortality included TBSA of burns, hyperphosphatemia, reduced urine output, and APACHE II score.
Our study found in addition to TBSA of burns and inhalation injury, baseline hyperphosphatemia in patients with severe burns is also associated with higher mortality.
The psychological effects of staged nasal reconstruction with a forehead flap were prospectively investigated.
Thirty-three patients underwent nasal reconstruction with forehead flaps between March ...2017 and July 2020. Three questionnaires were used to assess psychosocial functioning before surgery (time 1), 1 week after forehead flap transfer (time 2), 1 week after forehead flap division (time 3), and after refinement procedures (time 4). The patients were categorized into three groups according to the severity of nasal defects. Between- and within-group comparisons were conducted.
All patients reported increased satisfaction with their appearance during nasal reconstruction. For most patients, levels of distress and social avoidance were highest before reconstruction (time 1). Both levels decreased as reconstruction advanced, and were significantly improved by times 3 and 4. The stage of reconstruction had a greater effect on these levels than did severity of nasal defect.
Nasal reconstruction with forehead flap is beneficial physically and psychologically. Psychological evaluation before and after surgery facilitates patient–surgeon interactions and further enhances outcomes.
Summary.
Because nasal deformities are visually obvious, affected patients may experience significant psychological distress and social disability. Such deformities are usually repaired through staged reconstruction with a forehead flap. This reconstruction, however, is a long-term, difficult process, and its psychological effects on patients have not been studied extensively. In this study, patients who underwent this procedure filled out three questionnaires about their satisfaction with the surgical outcome and about psychosocial functioning before, twice during, and after reconstruction. The responses were analyzed with regard to the severity of deformities and the reconstruction stages at which patients filled out the questionnaires. The results revealed that levels of distress and social avoidance were highest before surgery and decreased over time; all patients reported increased satisfaction with their appearances as the process continued; and severity of deformity had no significant effect on patients’ satisfaction or psychosocial functioning. These findings highlight the importance of explaining the details of the procedure to patients to help them be mentally prepared for difficulties during the reconstruction process.
Axillary osmidrosis is a common disease with negative psychosocial impact on patients. Further, many treatment modalities are not sufficient and result in recurrence.
We aimed to evaluate the ...effectiveness and safety of using a cartilage shaver in patients with recurrent osmidrosis to remove tightly attached apocrine glands and subdermal scars.
We retrospectively evaluated 24 patients with secondary axillary osmidrosis who underwent cartilage shaving surgery between January 2013 and May 2022. We analyzed the incidence of complications, including seroma, infection, pigmentation, wound dehiscence, skin necrosis, scarring, shoulder movement limitation, comedones/sebaceous cysts, and nerve injury. Clinical effectiveness was also evaluated.
Excellent or good efficacy with improved malodor was achieved in 24 patients (47 axillae 100%). Complications were observed in 16 (36.17%) axillae, including hematomas (n = 2), pigmentation (n = 7), skin necrosis (n = 3), and comedones/sebaceous cysts (n = 4); one patient (2.13%) required local debridement. Mean Vancouver Scar Scale scores were markedly low (5.41 to 4.67). Scar tissue did not interfere with the shaving surgery, allowing for successful removal of the apocrine glands.
Secondary osmidrosis treatment using a cartilage shaver system yielded satisfactory and better scar results than the patients' previous treatments.
In this study, we aimed to characterize students' inquiry skill profiles and investigate whether students' gender, major, school location and type, and household registration are related to their ...inquiry skill profiles. By providing an animation‐based activity, we engaged students in a scientific inquiry on the atmospheric chemistry of climate change. Students performed data analytics, control of variables, and scientific reasoning tasks, which represented essential skills in the inquiry process. After removing the invalid data and conducting the two‐stage stratified sampling, we analyzed 724 11th‐grade Chinese students' multiple‐choice and open‐ended responses. A latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify if there were subgroups of students' inquiry skills. χ2 tests were conducted to examine whether the profiles' distribution differed in gender, major, school location, school type, and household registration. We identified four types of inquiry skill profiles among students: sophisticated, experimental, moderate, and basic, based on their skills in data analytics, scientific reasoning, and control of variables. The findings showed that school location significantly affected students' inquiry profiles, while school type, student major, and hukou had a mildly favorable impact. To sum up, the marriage of the LPA approach and the animation‐based activity has illuminated not just students' different inquiry skill profiles but also the relationships these profiles have with certain demographic factors. We discussed that it is imperative to recognize these varied inquiry skill profiles and work to bridge the disparities stemming from demographic differences for a more equitable science education environment.
The forehead flap is a dependable option for nasal reconstruction owing to its reliability and anatomic likeness to nasal skin. For patients with low hairlines, the vertical design of the paramedian ...forehead flap can intrude into the scalp, thus incorporating hair into the nasal reconstruction. The inadequate length of the forehead flap or shift to an oblique design may result in eyebrow elevation and asymmetry. Therefore, laser hair removal (epilation) on the forehead flap has been proposed to improve esthetic results. An alexandrite laser (755 nm, 10 to 20 ms, 18-mm spot size) with a Dynamic Cooling Device
™
(DCD
™
) cooling system was used for hair removal in 22 patients (16 male and 6 female patients) after nasal reconstructions using forehead flaps from December 2011 to September 2016. All patients received cryogen spray cooling laser treatment (CSC-LT). The mean follow-up period was 24 months, with a range between 18 and 50 months. The average duration of treatment was 1.8 months (range, 1–5 months). The energy density ranged from 14 to 18 J/cm
2
with an average of 17.2 J/cm
2
. The number of treatments ranged from 2 to 4 (mean 2.8). Patients had satisfactory esthetic results over 11.1 months (range, 8–18 months). Residual white hairs were observed in 3 patients, and 4 patients had tiny black residual hairs without deteriorating cosmesis. Using an alexandrite laser to remove hair on the forehead is safe and reliable in nasal reconstruction with superior recipient site cosmesis.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) leads to gradual central vision loss and is the third leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The underlying mechanisms for this progressive ...neurodegenerative disease remain unclear and there is currently no preventive treatment for dry AMD. Sodium iodate (NaIO
) has been reported to induce AMD-like retinal pathology in mice. We established a mouse model for AMD to evaluate the effects of quercetin on NaIO
-induced retinal apoptosis, and to investigate the pertinent underlying mechanisms. Our in vitro results indicated that quercetin protected human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cells from NaIO
-induced apoptosis by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential as detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry. We also evaluated the relative expression of proteins in the apoptosis pathway. Quercetin downregulated the protein expressions of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP and upregulated the expression of Bcl-2 through reduced PI3K and pAKT expressions. Furthermore, our in vivo results indicated that quercetin improved retinal deformation and increased the thickness of both the outer nuclear layer and inner nuclear layer, whereas the expression of caspase-3 was inhibited. Taken together, these results demonstrate that quercetin could protect retinal pigment epithelium and the retina from NaIO
-induced cell apoptosis via reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, involving the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This suggests that quercetin has the potential to prevent and delay AMD and other retinal diseases involving NaIO
-mediated apoptosis.
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