Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs), which are essential fatty acids that humans should obtain from diet, have potential benefits for human health. In addition to altering the ...structure and function of cell membranes, omega-3 PUFAs (docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)) exert different effects on intestinal immune tolerance and gut microbiota maintenance. Firstly, we review the effect of omega-3 PUFAs on gut microbiota. And the effects of omega-3 PUFAs on intestinal immunity and inflammation were described. Furthermore, the important roles of omega-3 PUFAs in maintaining the balance between gut immunity and the gut microbiota were discussed. Additional factors, such as obesity and diseases (NAFLD, gastrointestinal malignancies or cancer, bacterial and viral infections), which are associated with variability in omega-3 PUFA metabolism, can influence omega-3 PUFAs–microbiome–immune system interactions in the intestinal tract and also play roles in regulating gut immunity. This review identifies several pathways by which the microbiota modulates the gut immune system through omega-3 PUFAs. Omega-3 supplementation can be targeted to specific pathways to prevent and alleviate intestinal diseases, which may help researchers identify innovative diagnostic methods.
Psoriasis is a complex, chronic relapsing and inflammatory skin disorder with a prevalence of approximately 2% in the general population worldwide. Psoriasis can be triggered by infections, physical ...injury and certain drugs. The most common type of psoriasis is psoriasis vulgaris, which primarily features dry, well-demarcated, raised red lesions with adherent silvery scales on the skin and joints. Over the past few decades, scientific research has helped us reveal that innate and adaptive immune cells contribute to the chronic inflammatory pathological process of psoriasis. In particular, dysfunctional helper T cells (Th1, Th17, Th22, and Treg cells) are indispensable factors in psoriasis development. When stimulated by certain triggers, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) can release pro-inflammatory factors (IL-23, IFN-α and IL-12), which further activate naive T cells and polarize them into distinct helper T cell subsets that produce numerous cytokines, such as TNF, IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-22, which act on keratinocytes to amplify psoriatic inflammation. In this review, we describe the function of helper T cells in psoriasis and summarize currently targeted anti-psoriatic therapies.
Diverse chemical species such as ions and molecules exist within living cells and organisms undergoing dynamic changes in their local environment by a web of continuously interacting reactions. ...Reaction‐based fluorescent probes with a highly sought reversible feature can provide a real‐time monitor of the concentration dynamics (increases and decreases) of such chemical species, thus ideally suited to understand the physiological function, and pathogenic mechanisms of corresponding bio‐species in the regulation of cellular function and disease progression. This review summarizes the current methods for constructing reversible reaction‐based fluorescent probes. The sensing mechanisms and biological applications of these probes are also discussed. The representative examples reported recently are categorized according to the type of reversible chemical reactions utilized: nucleophilic additions (Michael additions, chromophore reactions), nucleophilic addition‐condensation reactions, and redox reactions. Finally, we present the potential challenges and suggestions for developing probes based on dynamic and reversible covalent bond formation reactions.
Dynamic covalent bonding‐based reversible probes provide real‐time, accurate insight into the dynamic information of bio‐species. Several strategies to design reversible reaction‐based fluorescent probes have been discussed.
Study objective
RNA binding motif 20 (RBM20), an RNA binding protein, regulates alternative splicing of titin and calcium handling genes that mediate hypertrophy signaling. The objective of this ...study is to investigate whether RBM20 regulates muscle hypertrophy through titin and/or calcium signaling.
Methods
Soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were collected from wild‐type (WT) and Rbm20 knockout (KO) rats. Transcriptome profiling was analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq). Hypertrophic signaling was examined using HeLa cells as well as differentiated and undifferentiated C2C12 myoblasts. RBM20 was knocked down in C2C12 myoblasts by siRNA transfection. Both immunostaining and western blotting were performed to test expression of hypertrophy associated proteins in both cell lines.
Results
RBM20 KO promoted SOL hypertrophy and EDL atrophy in rats. Hypertrophy‐associated hallmark proteins CaN, Erk and p38 were elevated in KO SOL, but not in KO EDL, while atrophy‐associated hallmark protein p62 was increased in KO EDL, but not in KO SOL. RNA‐seq data identified differentially expressed and spliced genes associated with hypertrophy in both EDL and SOL. Titin was switched to largest isoform as a result of alternative splicing in both KO SOL and EDL muscles. To test whether titin is the major mediator that regulatew hypertrophic signaling in RBM20 KO rats, we transfected Rbm20 gene into HeLa cells that do not express titin. The results revealed that the levels of hallmark proteins did not changed with overexpression of RBM20. To further test the role of titin in RBM20‐mediated hypertrophy, Rbm20 was knocked down in undifferentiated C2C12 cells which do not express titin as well, and no change was observed for hallmark proteins. C2C12 myoblasts were then differentiated to myotubes and reduced RBM20 in differentiated C2C12 cells promoted reduced expression of hypertrophic hallmark proteins.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that RBM20 regulates muscle hypertrophy in a muscle type‐dependent manner, and RBM20‐mediated hypertrophy is regulated via titin, a hypertrophic mediator.
High‐entropy (HE) materials, celebrated for their extraordinary chemical and physical properties, have garnered increasing attention for their broad applications across diverse disciplines. The ...expansive compositional range of these materials allows for nuanced tuning of their properties and innovative structural designs. Recent advances have been centered on their versatile photothermal conversion capabilities, effective across the full solar spectrum (300–2500 nm). The HE effect, coupled with hysteresis diffusion, imparts these materials with desirable thermal and chemical stability. These attributes position HE materials as a revolutionary alternative to traditional photothermal materials, signifying a transformative shift in photothermal technology. This review delivers a comprehensive summary of the current state of knowledge regarding HE photothermal materials, emphasizing the intricate relationship between their compositions, structures, light‐absorbing mechanisms, and optical properties. Furthermore, the review outlines the notable advances in HE photothermal materials, emphasizing their contributions to areas, such as solar water evaporation, personal thermal management, solar thermoelectric generation, catalysis, and biomedical applications. The review culminates in presenting a roadmap that outlines prospective directions for future research in this burgeoning field, and also outlines fruitful ways to develop advanced HE photothermal materials and to expand their promising applications.
This review delves into high‐entropy photothermal materials, highlighting their advantages, recent progress, and wide‐ranging applications in energy, environment, and healthcare. Structured to deepen understanding from basic principles to advanced uses, it sheds light on research trends, challenges, and future directions, making it a key resource for researchers across various scientific disciplines.
We report a novel metal-free synthesis of benzimidazole compounds by dehydrogenative coupling of diamines and alcohols. Using NHPI as a nonmetallic catalyst combined with molecular oxygen or air as ...the oxidant, this transformation represents a widely applicable protocol to N-heterocycles, such as benzimidazoles, benzothiophenes, benzooxazoles and quinazolines. Flow microreactors operating under optimized conditions enabled this reaction with higher efficiency, and the total residence time was 30 min compared with the batch bubbling reactor (10 h). Moreover, a possible reaction mechanism is proposed according to the control experiments.
There is a potential risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) spread through human contact with seafood and the inanimate materials contaminated by the virus. In this ...study, we examined the stability of the virus in artificial seawater (ASW) and on the surface of selected materials. SARS‐CoV‐2 (3.75 log10 TCID50) in ASW at 22℃ maintained infectious about 3 days and at 4℃ the virus survived more than 7 days. It should be noticed that viable virus at high titer (5.50 log10 TCID50) may survive more than 20 days in ASW at 4℃ and for 7 days at 22℃. SARS‐CoV‐2 on stainless steel and plastic bag maintained infectious for 3 days, and on nonwoven fabric for 1 day at 22℃. In addition, the virus remained infectious for 9 days on stainless steel and non‐woven fabric, and on plastic bag for 12 days at 4℃. It is important to highlight the role of inanimate material surfaces as a source of infection and the necessity for surface decontamination and disinfection.
Open‐shell radicals are promising near‐infrared (NIR) photothermal agents (PTAs) owing to their easily accessible narrow band gaps, but their stabilization and functionalization remain challenging. ...Herein, highly stable π‐extended nickel corrole radicals with 4n+1 π systems are synthesized and used to prepare NIR‐absorbing PTAs for efficient phototheranostics. The light‐harvesting ability of corrole radicals gradually improves as the number of fused benzene rings on β‐pyrrolic locations increases radially, with naphthalene‐ and anthracene‐fused radicals and their one‐electron oxidized 4n π cations exhibiting panchromatic visible‐to‐NIR absorption. The extremely low doublet excited states of corrole radicals promote heat generation via nonradiative decay. By encapsulating naphthocorrole radicals with amphiphilic polymer, water‐soluble nanoparticles Na‐NPs are produced, which exhibit outstanding photostability and high photothermal conversion efficiency of 71.8 %. In vivo anti‐tumor therapy results indicate that Na‐NPs enable photoacoustic imaging of tumors and act as biocompatible PTAs for tumor ablation when triggered by 808 nm laser light. The “aromatic‐ring fusion” strategy for energy‐gap tuning of corrole radicals opens a new platform for developing robust NIR‐absorbing photothermal materials.
Highly stable π‐extended nickel corrole radicals and their cations exhibiting superior absorbing capacities across the visible‐to‐near‐infrared (NIR) spectral region are synthesized via the radial fusion of aromatic rings. The nanoparticles encapsulating corrole radicals are high‐performance photothermal agents and enable efficient NIR‐triggered photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy in vivo.
Event detection is an important task for information extraction, which seeks to identify instances of specific event types from pieces of text. Recent studies have suggested that incorporating ...syntactic dependency graphs as feature representations for graph neural networks can significantly boost event detection performance. However, there are still challenges in leveraging multi-hop relationships within dependency parse trees to provide valuable additional information for keywords, as well as in effectively extracting relevant information from subordinate clauses, such as restrictive clauses. In this paper, we propose a novel Graph Convolutional Networks With Syntactic and Semantic (GCNWSS) structures for event detection task. Specifically, we construct a multi-hop matrix as the syntactic structure that calculates the hop distance between each word-pair. Besides, we propose a combination of biaffine attention and trigger-aware attention to generate semantic structures. In which, The biaffine attention mechanism is used to capture the global semantic information in a sentence. The trigger-aware attention mechanism enables the learning of trigger-related local semantics features of the text. Experimental results on benchmark dataset illustrate that our proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art methods.
The preparation of novel stable radical systems that survive and may be manipulated under harsh conditions is essential for their practical applications, such as energy storage and conversion ...materials. Here, we present a facile synthesis of an electrically neutral benzo-fused nickel corrole radical that shows remarkable photo- and thermal stability. The carbon-based organic radical character was confirmed using electron spin resonance and spin population analyses. This radical may be reversibly converted to its aromatic or antiaromatic ion via a one-electron redox process, as indicated by nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts and theoretical calculations. Notably, the antiaromatic state is stable, showing intense ring currents with complex pathways. The spectroscopic characteristics and calculated molecular orbitals of the corrole radical exhibit a combination of aromatic and antiaromatic features. On the basis of the aromatic light-harvesting property and antiaromatic emission-free character, the corrole radical exhibits highly robust, efficient photothermal energy conversion in water after encapsulation within nanoparticles, with the unpaired spin simultaneously retained. These results provide a fundamental understanding of the relationship between the (anti)aromaticity and photophysical properties of a porphyrinoid radical and a promising platform for the design of radical-based functional materials.
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