Background/Purpose Kawasaki disease (KD) is a disease of unknown cause. To investigate the infectious etiology of Kawasaki disease, we initiated a prospective case-control study to investigate ...possible links between common viral infections and Kawasaki disease. Methods We enrolled 226 children with KD and 226 age- and sex-matched healthy children from February 2004 to March 2010. Throat and nasopharyngeal swabs were taken for both viral isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for various viruses. Results The mean age of the 226 KD cases was 2.07 years, and the male to female ratio was 1.43 (133 boys to 93 girls). Their mean fever duration was 7.5 days with a mean peak temperature of 39.7°C. In addition to the typical symptoms of fever, neck lymphadenopathy, lip fissure and/or strawberry tongue, skin rash, nonpurulent bulbar conjunctivitis, palm/sole erythema, and induration followed by periungual desquamation, these KD cases also exhibited cough (69%), rhinorrhea (58%), and diarrhea (45%). Cases of KD had a significantly higher positive rate of viral isolation in comparison with the control group (7.5% vs. 2.2%, p = 0.02). Compared with the control group, cases of KD were more likely to have overall positive rates of viral PCR (50.4% vs. 16.4%, p < 0.001) and for various viruses including enterovirus (16.8% vs. 4.4%, p < 0.001), adenovirus (8.0% vs. 1.8%, p = 0.007), human rhinovirus (26.5% vs. 9.7%, p < 0.001), and coronavirus (7.1% vs. 0.9%, p = 0.003). Conclusion We found that some common respiratory viruses, such as adenoviruses, enteroviruses, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses, were associated with KD cases.
Respiratory tract infections are prevalent and clinically significant in pediatric populations globally. However, pathogen testing often involves time-consuming processes, resulting in delays in ...diagnosis. To date, commercial testing machines, such as the FilmArray respiratory panel, have been proposed for hospitals. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of the FilmArray respiratory panel at a single center. This study utilized the medical records of our hospital to select pediatric inpatients with respiratory tract infections who underwent the FilmArray respiratory panel between September 2020 and April 2021 and those who did not undergo nucleic acid detection (a rapid test group) between September 2019 and April 2020. FilmArray is a polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic tool. The FilmArray respiratory panel group was scheduled to recruit 150 patients (final 137 patients), whereas the rapid test group was scheduled to recruit 300 patients (final 267 patients). Differences in continuous variables between the 2 groups were analyzed using independent Student t tests. The FilmArray respiratory panel group had a longer length of inpatient days, longer duration of antibiotic use, and higher proportion of pathogens that tested positive, with significant differences than those in the rapid test group. Fever duration showed no significant difference between the 2 groups. For the polymerase chain reaction method, respiratory syncytial virus was the most commonly detected pathogen causing pneumonia, followed by human rhinovirus/enterovirus and parainfluenza virus. Mycoplasma was detected using the rapid test but not with the FilmArray respiratory panel. The FilmArray respiratory panel provides clinicians with a rapid and useful diagnostic tool. The effect was quite good for virus detection, but not for bacteria. Given its limited adoption, the tool may not aid clinicians in the diagnosis of mild cases.
Background/purpose Kawasaki disease (KD) is a disease of unknown cause and the causative agent is most likely to be infectious in nature. To investigate the household transmission pattern of ...infectious illness and etiology, we thus initiated a prospective case and household study. Methods We enrolled KD cases and their household members from February 2004 to September 2008. The KD cases and their household members accepted questionnaire-based interviews of the contact history, signs of infection, and symptoms to check whether clusters of infectious illness occurred. Results A total of 142 KD cases and 561 household members were enrolled. Among the 142 KD cases, 136 cases (96%) were typical KD, and six (4%) were atypical KD. Of the 561 household members, 17% were siblings, 46% were parents, 18% were grandparents, and the others were cousins or babysitters. Prior to the onset of their KD illness, 66% (94/142) KD cases had contact with ill household members. On the same day of the onset of KD cases' illness, 4% (6/142) KD cases had household members with illness. After KD cases' disease onset, 70% (100/142) KD cases had at least one other family member with illness. Overall, 61% (343/561) of all the household members had acute infectious illness during KD cases' acute stage, and 92% (130/142) of the families had clusters of infectious illness. Conclusion A total of 66% KD cases had positive contact with ill household members prior to their disease onset and 92% of families had clusters of infectious illness, so KD is strongly associated with infections.
Maternal tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) therapy during late pregnancy can reduce mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV). We investigated HBV mutations associated with maternal ...TDF therapy and their role in infant immunonophylaxis failure (IPF).
Serum samples from untreated (n = 89) and TDF-treated (n = 68), highly viremic, chronically infected mothers and their infants were analyzed for HBV DNA by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing.
At delivery, compared with untreated mothers, TDF-treated mothers had a lower HBV DNA titer and a higher frequency of basal core promoter (BCP) gene mutations, but they had similar frequencies in pre-S/S and pre-core/core mutations. The 14 mothers harboring surface "a" determinant mutants did not transmit the mutants to their immunized infants. Such mutants were found in 3 of 13 IPF infants; the 13 mothers had wild-type hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). In univariable analysis, maternal HBV DNA titer (odds ratio OR: 1.54; 95% confidence intervals CI: 1.02-2.33; P = .039), genotype C (OR: 4.18; 95% CI: 1.28-13.62; P = .018) and pre-S1 wild-type sequence (OR: 6.33; 95% CI: 1.85-21.68; P = .003) at delivery were associated with infant IPF. Multivariable analyses showed that maternal genotype C (OR: 3.71; 95% CI: 1.11-12.36; P = .033) and pre-S1 wild-type (OR: 6.34; 95% CI: 1.79-22.44; P = .004) were associated with infant IPF independently of maternal viremia.
Along with high maternal HBV DNA titer at delivery, maternal genotype C and pre-S1 wild-type sequence were potential risk factors for infant IPF, although BCP mutations were not. The offspring of pregnant women harboring "a" determinant mutants as major strains seemed to be protected by immunoprophylaxis.
NCT01312012.
Summary
Background
Maternal anti‐viral treatment prevents mother‐to‐infant transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV), but the role of neonatal viremia on subsequent HBV infection is not clear.
Aims
To ...investigate the effect of maternal anti‐viral treatment on neonatal serum HBV DNA and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in infants born to highly viremic mothers and the roles of neonatal markers in predicting chronic HBV infection in children.
Methods
Serum HBV DNA and HBsAg were tested in children. Of the 201 pregnant mothers, 110 received tenofovir during the third trimester. Chronic infection in children was defined by HBsAg seropositivity at 6 or 12 months lasting more than 6 months.
Results
The maternal HBV viral loads from baseline to delivery were 8.25 ± 0.48 to 4.29 ± 0.98 log10 IU/mL; and 8.29 ± 0.49 to 8.12 ± 0.68 log10 IU/mL in the tenofovir and control group respectively. Of the 208 children, those in the tenofovir group had a lower rate of neonatal HBV DNA seropositivity at birth (5.22% vs 30.11%, P < 0.0001) and HBsAg seropositivity at 6 months (1.74% vs 11.83%, P = 0.003) and 12 months (1.74% vs 10.75%, P = 0.007). In a first multivariate analysis, maternal HBV DNA level at delivery (odds ratio = 1.70, P = 0.0172) and neonatal HBsAg positivity (odds ratio = 19.37, P < 0.0001) were significantly associated with children's chronic HBV infection. In a second model, neonatal HBV DNA positivity was a strong independent influence variable (odds ratio = 61.89, P = 0.0002).
Conclusions
Maternal tenofovir therapy decreased maternal viral load and neonatal viremia. Positive neonatal HBV DNA was highly correlated with chronic HBV infection in children. Clinical Trial Identifier: NCT01312012.
Beneficial effects of probiotics in acute infectious diarrhoea in children are mainly seen in watery diarrhoea and viral gastroenteritis. Lactobacillus rhamnosus, one the most extensively studied ...probiotic strains, is effective in shortening courses of acute diarrhoea in children. However, the dose-dependent effect of Lactobacillus upon quantification of faecal rotavirus shedding in humans remains little known. Thus, an open-label randomized trial in 23 children with acute rotaviral gastroenteritis was undertaken by randomly allocating patients to receive one of the three regimens for 3 days: daily Lactobacillus rhamnosus 35 (Lcr35) with 0 CFU/day to six patients in the control group, 2 × 108 CFU/day to nine patients in the low-dose group, and 6 × 108 CFU/day to eight patients in the high-dose group. Faecal samples were collected before and after the 3-day regimen for measurements of rotavirus concentrations by ELISA. There was no statistically significant change in faecal rotavirus concentrations in either the control group (119.2 × 105 particles/ml vs. 23.7 × 105 particles/ml, p = 0.075) or the low-dose group (36.1 × 105 particles/ml vs. 73.5 × 105 particles/ml, p = 0.859). However, the high-dose group had a significant reduction of faecal rotavirus concentration (64.2 × 105 particles/ml vs. 9.0 × 105 particles/ml, p = 0.012). Without any exception, the faecal rotavirus concentrations of all eight patients in the high-dose Lcr35 group declined by 86% after 3 days when compared with those before Lcr35 administration. In conclusion, this is the first report to provide quantitative evidence of the dose-dependent effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, a minimal effective dose of 6 × 108 CFU for 3 days, upon the faecal rotavirus shedding in paediatric patients.
Influenza virus is among the most common causes of respiratory illness, which may manifest as a range of conditions, from mild upper respiratory tract infection to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Acute ...childhood myositis associated with influenza occurs mostly in influenza B infection. In this retrospective study, we analyzed the characteristics of 197 children with influenza virus treated from January 2000 to December 2001. Among them, 73 children had influenza A infection and 124 had influenza B infection. Influenza A virus outbreaks occurred in January 2000, July 2001, and December 2001, while influenza B virus outbreaks occurred from March 2000 to May 2000 and from December 2000 to February 2001. The most common clinical manifestations of influenza A and influenza B virus infection included fever, cough, and rhinorrhea. These infections also frequently manifested as laryngo-tracheobronchitis, pneumonia, and unexplained fever, which led to hospitalization. The most common clinical diagnosis was upper respiratory tract infection. The rates of benign acute childhood myositis in influenza A and influenza B were 5.5% and 33.9%, respectively. Creatine kinase levels were elevated in most myositis cases and boys were more commonly affected. Acute childhood myositis was more commonly seen in influenza B infection.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is a well-recognized nosocomial infection of increasing incidence. Recent reports have also revealed an increment of community-acquired ...MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections in people without any risk factors. We reviewed the medical charts of 464 children with S. aureus infections presenting between January 1997 and August 2001, in order to understand the occurrence of CA-MRSA infections in children without any risk factors and to define the spectrum of disease. MRSA made up 74% of community-acquired S. aureus infections (59/80). Among them, patients without identifiable risk factors comprised 29 CA-MRSA infections (36%). The number of patients with CA-MRSA disease increased from 11 of 172 (6%) S. aureus infections between January 1997 and April 1999 to 48 of 292 (16%) between May 1999 and July 2001. Skin and soft tissue infections were the most common presentations of community-acquired S. aureus infections. Bacteremia was the major manifestation of nosocomial S. aureus infections, and osteomyelitis and bacteremia were not infrequently seen in patients with CA-MSSA infections. Only 13 out of 29 patients (45%) with CA-MRSA infections without risk factors received effective antibiotic therapy, while 16 cases were cured by either antibiotics without in vitro activity, or surgical drainage, or both. CA-MRSA isolates were more likely to be susceptible to minocycline, gentamicin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, compared to hospital-acquired MRSA isolates. Our data suggest an increasing role of MRSA as a community pathogen in previously healthy children. Infection control strategies for both hospital and community should be re-evaluated.
The efficacy and safety of maternal tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in reducing mother‐to‐infant hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmissions is not clearly understood. We conducted a prospective, ...multicenter trial and enrolled 118 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)– and hepatitis B e antigen–positive pregnant women with HBV DNA ≥7.5 log10 IU/mL. The mothers received no medication (control group, n = 56, HBV DNA 8.22 ± 0.39 log10 IU/mL) or TDF 300 mg daily (TDF group, n = 62, HBV DNA 8.18 ± 0.47 log10 IU/mL) from 30‐32 weeks of gestation until 1 month postpartum. Primary outcome was infant HBsAg at 6 months old. At delivery, the TDF group had lower maternal HBV DNA levels (4.29 ± 0.93 versus 8.10 ± 0.56 log10 IU/mL, P < 0.0001). Of the 121/123 newborns, the TDF group had lower rates of HBV DNA positivity at birth (6.15% versus 31.48%, P = 0.0003) and HBsAg positivity at 6 months old (1.54% versus 10.71%, P = 0.0481). Multivariate analysis revealed that the TDF group had lower risk (odds ratio = 0.10, P = 0.0434) and amniocentesis was associated with higher risk (odds ratio 6.82, P = 0.0220) of infant HBsAg positivity. The TDF group had less incidence of maternal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels above two times the upper limit of normal for ≥3 months (3.23% versus 14.29%, P = 0.0455), a lesser extent of postpartum elevations of ALT (P = 0.007), and a lower rate of ALT over five times the upper limit of normal (1.64% versus 14.29%, P = 0.0135) at 2 months postpartum. Maternal creatinine and creatinine kinase levels, rates of congenital anomaly, premature birth, and growth parameters in infants were comparable in both groups. At 12 months, one TDF‐group child newly developed HBsAg positivity, presumably due to postnatal infection and inefficient humoral responses to vaccines. Conclusions: Treatment with TDF for highly viremic mothers decreased infant HBV DNA at birth and infant HBsAg positivity at 6 months and ameliorated maternal ALT elevations. (Hepatology 2015;62:375–386
Pertussis is an acute respiratory tract illness resulting from Bordetella pertussis. Widespread use of pertussis vaccine over the past 50 years has decreased the incidence of pertussis. The incidence ...of pertussis in adolescents and adults has increased in many areas of the world. This study aimed to evaluate the etiologic role of B. pertussis in patients with prolonged cough in Taiwan.
Patients with cough lasting for more than 1 week were recruited. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken for culture of B. pertussis and detection of nucleic acid of B. pertussis by polymerase chain reaction. Serum samples were collected in a subset of patients for assay of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A antibodies against pertussis toxin.
In total, 111 patients were recruited. Thirty-three patients agreed to have their serum samples taken and tested. Eight patients had evidence of acute infection with B. pertussis; among them, 1 was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction and 7 by serology. Older subjects were more likely to suffer from pertussis than younger subjects. The incidence of pertussis in patients with prolonged cough was 7.2%. However, the rate could have been as high as 21% in those with serum samples tested.
We conclude that pertussis is a prevalent disease in Taiwan, especially in adolescents and adults.
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