Traditional hyperspectral image semantic segmentation algorithms can not fully utilize the spatial information or realize efficient segmentation with less sample data. In order to solve the above ...problems, a U-shaped hyperspectral semantic segmentation model (DCCaps-UNet) based on the depthwise separable and conditional convolution capsule network was proposed in this study. The whole network is an encoding–decoding structure. In the encoding part, image features are firstly fully extracted and fused. In the decoding part, images are then reconstructed by upsampling. In the encoding part, a dilated convolutional capsule block is proposed to fully acquire spatial information and deep features and reduce the calculation cost of dynamic routes using a conditional sliding window. A depthwise separable block is constructed to replace the common convolution layer in the traditional capsule network and efficiently reduce network parameters. After principal component analysis (PCA) dimension reduction and patch preprocessing, the proposed model was experimentally tested with Indian Pines and Pavia University public hyperspectral image datasets. The obtained segmentation results of various ground objects were analyzed and compared with those obtained with other semantic segmentation models. The proposed model performed better than other semantic segmentation methods and achieved higher segmentation accuracy with the same samples. Dice coefficients reached 0.9989 and 0.9999. The OA value can reach 99.92% and 100%, respectively, thus, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed model.
An in situ synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) method was employed to probe the change of scattering structures in an Al–Cu alloy melt after ultrasonic melt treatment. The size ...distribution and fractal geometry of the scatterers were evaluated by quantitative SAXS analysis. Results show that cavitation induced nuclei on the clusters or impurities, and the remnants, showing bigger sizes and lower surface fractal dimensions in a melt of lower superheating, could preserve grain refining potential for at least 20min.
Onobrychis viciifolia
(sainfoin) is one of the most high-quality legume forages, which is rich in proanthocyanidins that is beneficial for the health and production of animals. In this study, ...proanthocyanidins and total flavonoids in leaves of 46 different sainfoin germplasm resources were evaluated, and it showed that soluble proanthocyanidin contents varied greatly in these sainfoin germplasm resources, but total flavonoids did not show significant difference. Transcriptome sequencing with high and low proanthocyanidins sainfoin resulted in the identification of totally 52,926 unigenes in sainfoin, and they were classed into different GOC categories. Among them, 1,608 unigenes were differentially expressed in high and low proanthocyanidins sainfoin samples, including 1,160 genes that were upregulated and 448 genes that were downregulated. Analysis on gene enrichment
via
KEGG annotation revealed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway and the secondary metabolism pathway. We also analyzed the expression levels of structural genes of the proanthocyanidin/flavonoid pathway in roots, stems, and leaves in the high proanthocyanidin sainfoin
via
RT-qPCR and found that these genes were differentially expressed in these tissues. Among them, the expression levels of
F3'5'H
and
ANR
were higher in leaves than in roots or stems, which is consistent with proanthocyanidins content in these tissues. Among
MYB
genes that were differentially expressed, the expression of
OvMYBPA2
was relatively high in high proanthocyanidin sainfoin. Over-expression level of
OvMYBPA2
in alfalfa hairy roots resulted in decreased anthocyanin content but increased proanthocyanidin content. Our study provided transcriptome information for further functional characterization of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis-related genes in sainfoin and candidate key
MYB
genes for bioengineering of proanthocyanidins in plants.
Many recent studies have concluded that subduction components exist in the mantle source of the Manus back‐arc basin lavas; however, the origin of these components remains an ongoing controversy. The ...East Rift at the eastern end of the Manus Basin is ideal for investigating the subduction components because of its unique geographic location. In this study, 10 samples from the East Rift were selected for geochemical and isotopic analysis. The results show that these samples can be compositionally divided into basaltic andesite and dacite belonging to the medium‐K calc‐alkaline series. Furthermore, the parental magma experienced fractional crystallization. The analyses also indicate that the subduction components came from the Solomon Plate and consist of altered oceanic crust (AOC) and sediments. The AOC materials entered the mantle source through fluids, while the sedimentary materials were transferred as melts. Assuming 5% partial melting of the sediments and 1% fluid production from the AOC in a modal melting process of an eclogitic source, the results of endmember modelling of Pb isotopic data reveal that the subduction components beneath the East Rift area consist of approximately 60–65% AOC fluids and 35–40% sediment melts and that the source contains approximately 1–5% subduction components.
A supercritical or transcritical Rankine cycle with ejector (ESRC, ETRC) based on the basic supercritical or transcritical Rankine cycle (SRC, TRC) are proposed for the conversion of low-grade heat ...to power in this paper. The thermodynamic comparative analyses on the SRC, TRC and ESRC, ETRC are conducted on the power output and thermal efficiency of the cycles. The carbon dioxide is chosen as the working fluid for the cycles. Water is chosen as the fluid of the low-grade heat. The water temperature is selected in a range of 60-90 degree C, a typical water temperature is 80 degree C, and the mass flow rate is 1 kg/s. The same temperature and mass flow rate of the water is the standard condition for the comparative analysis of the thermodynamic performance. Results show that the net power output of the cycles could be ranked from high to low: ESRC > ETRC > SRC > TRC, and the thermal efficiency could be ranked from high to low: TRC > SRC > ESRC > ETRC.
Two different types of calcium fluoride powders (commercial and synthesized CaF2 powders) were used to fabricate ceramics by the hot-pressing (HP) technique. The synthesized CaF2 powders were ...prepared by a direct precipitation method, and the differences in characteristics between these two powders were investigated. We demonstrated that the transparency of the ceramics is highly dependent on the morphology and particle size distribution of the starting CaF2 powders. The obtained translucent ceramics fabricated using the synthesized CaF2 nanoparticles showed better densification and optical transmittance than the commercial powders. The average grain size of the ceramic sintered at 800°C was 4.1µm, with residual pores inside the grains.
Knowledge of the sound velocity of core materials is essential to explain the observed anomalously low shear wave velocity (V
) and high Poisson's ratio (σ) in the solid inner core. To date, neither ...V
nor σ of Fe and Fe-Si alloy have been measured under core conditions. Here, we present V
and σ derived from direct measurements of the compressional wave velocity, bulk sound velocity, and density of Fe and Fe-8.6 wt%Si up to ~230 GPa and ~5400 K. The new data show that neither the effect of temperature nor incorporation of Si would be sufficient to explain the observed low V
and high σ of the inner core. A possible solution would add carbon (C) into the solid inner core that could further decrease V
and increase σ. However, the physical property-based Fe-Si-C core models seemingly conflict with the partitioning behavior of Si and C between liquid and solid Fe.
The effect of head group of surfactant on the self-assembly structures and aggregation transitions, which had rarely been reported in mixed aqueous solutions of cationic surfactant and anionic ...surfactant-like ionic liquid molecules, was studied in three different cases. We have investigated the effect of the methyl, ethyl and 2-phenoxy-ethyl on the aggregation by the methods of turbidity, dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), rheological measurements, and steady-state fluorescence measurements. It is found that the head group has an important effect on the self-assembly structures and phase transition behaviors of mixed aqueous solutions. The ethyl group introduces a more considerable steric hindrance compared with the methyl group, which leads to the smaller packing parameter. Therefore, the system containing the methyl group has a slightly larger vesicle phase range than the system containing the ethyl group. However, compared with the ethyl group, 2-phenoxy-ethyl introduces the non-covalent pi-pi interaction between the imidazolium ring and benzene ring. This interaction easily eliminates the steric hindrance. Therefore, it is more prone to form the wormlike micelles and vesicles for the system with the 2-phenoxy-ethyl group. We also find intriguing rheological behavior from the non-spherical vesicles. Moreover, for the wormlike micelles, we find it only form in aqueous surfactant mixtures with strong interactions.
•Three anionic-SAILs/cationic surfactant systems have been studied in this work.•The head groups play a crucial role in the aggregation transitions and aggregation structures.•Some intriguing rheological behaviors from the non-spherical vesicles.•The wormlike micelles only form in aqueous surfactant mixtures with strong interactions.
Recent studies have indicated that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling has a critical role in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the current study, we investigated the ...activity of KU-0063794, a novel mTOR kinase inhibitor, against HepG2 HCC cells. Our results demonstrated that KU-0063794 blocked mTOR complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2) activation, and downregulated mTOR-regulated genes (Cyclin D1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α) in HepG2 cells. Consequently, KU-0063794 induced significant anti-survival and pro-apoptotic activities against HepG2 cells. When analyzing the possible KU-0063794-resistance factors, we showed that KU-0063794 induced cyto-protective autophagy activation in HepG2 cells, evidenced by GFP-light chain 3B (LC3B) puncta formation, p62 degradation, Beclin-1 expression and LC3B-I to LC3B-II conversion. Correspondingly, autophagy inhibitors, including bafliomycin A1, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine, dramatically enhanced KU-0063794-induced cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells. Further, RNAi knockdown of Beclin-1 also increased KU-0063794 sensitivity in HepG2 cells. In vivo, oral administration of KU-0063794 repressed HepG2 xenograft growth in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, and its activity was further enhanced with co-administration of the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA. In summary, KU-0063794 inhibits HepG2 cell growth in vitro and in vivo, its activity could be further enhanced with autophagy inhibition.
•KU-0063794 exerts significant anti-survival/pro-apoptotic activity in HepG2 cells.•KU-0063794 blocks mTORC1/2 activation and downregulates mTOR-regulated genes.•KU-0063794 activates autophagy, counteracting its cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells.•Autophagy inhibitors/Beclin-1 RNAi enhances KU-0063794-exerted HepG2 cytotoxicity.•3-MA sensitizes KU-0063794-mediated inhibition on HepG2 xenograft growth in SCID mice.
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