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•DBNH OAc enables the separation of cotton and polyester in textile blends.•Cotton polyester blends can be used to spin textile grade MMCFs.•PET can be recovered by a simple ...filtration procedure.•PET slightly degrades in a DBNH OAc dispersion at elevated temperatures.
The creation of a circular economy for cellulose based textile waste is supported by the development of an upcycling method for cotton polyester blended waste garments. We present a separation procedure for cotton and polyester using DBNH OAc, a superbase based ionic liquid, which allows the selective dissolution of the cellulose component. After the removal of PET, the resulting solution could be employed to dry-jet wet spin textile grade cellulose fibers down to the microfiber range (0.75–2.95 dtex) with breaking tenacities (27–48 cN/tex) and elongations (7–9%) comparable to commercial Lyocell fibers made from high-purity dissolving pulp. The treatment time in DBNH OAc was found to reduce the tensile properties (<52%) and the molar mass distribution (<51%) of PET under certain processing conditions.
Regenerated cellulose fibers were produced by dry-jet wet spinning from cellulose/1,5-diazabicyclo4.3.0non-5-ene-1-ium acetate solutions. Cellulose blends with different molar mass distribution but ...fixed intrinsic viscosity were employed as starting materials to investigate the influence of the cellulose molecular structure on the spinnability and the mechanical properties of the resulting fibers. The cellulose/ionic liquid solutions were prepared from blends constituted of cotton linters and spruce sulfite pulp representing a polydispersity index from 2.0 to 5.9. Dynamic shear rheology was performed on the solutions to examine the effect of cellulose chain distribution on the visco-elastic behavior and to select the adequate temperature for stable spinning. The mechanical and physical properties of the resulting fibers were determined by tensile tests and birefringence measurements. Cellulose solutes having a share of high molecular weight cellulose (DP > 2000) higher than 20% and a minimum polydispersity index of 3.4 showed enhanced spinnability. Higher draw ratios were accessible, resulting in improved cellulose chain total orientation and high-tenacity fibers.
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•Efficiency of ionic liquids as direct cellulose solvent and their potential to produce cellulose products from biomass.•Characterize the molar mass distribution of cellulose blends by gel permeation chromatography.•Influence of cellulose molar mass distribution on the visco-elastic behavior of ionic liquid (DBNHOAc) solution.•Effect of molar mass distribution on the spinnability of DBNHOAc solutions and the mechanical properties of the fibers.
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•13C CP-MAS NMR can be used to reliably quantify the composition of cellulose and polyester in textile blends.•Sigmoidal calibration functions describe the correlation between ...cellulose and polyester signals in the NMR spectrum.•It is also possible to apply solid-state NMR to determine the crystallinity of cellulose in cotton polyester blended textiles.
The valorization of cellulose rich textile waste is promoted by the development of a novel solid-state NMR method for the quantification of cellulose and polyester in textile blends. We applied 13C CP-MAS NMR as a tool for the quantification and structural characterization of cellulose in cotton polyester blends. Gaussian functions were used to integrate the spectra obtained from a set of calibration standards in order to calculate a sigmoidal calibration curve. Acid hydrolysis was chosen as a reference method. The results demonstrated that solid-state NMR enables a reliable determination of cellulose and polyester in both preconsumer and postconsumer waste textiles and suggests a possible extension of the concept to blends of man-made cellulose fibers (MMCFs) and polyester.
The circadian clock is a fundamental and pervasive biological program that coordinates 24-hour rhythms in physiology, metabolism, and behavior, and it is essential to health. Whereas therapy adapted ...to time of day is increasingly reported to be highly successful, it needs to be personalized, since internal circadian time is different for each individual. In addition, internal time is not a stable trait, but is influenced by many factors, including genetic predisposition, age, sex, environmental light levels, and season. An easy and convenient diagnostic tool is currently missing.
To establish a validated test, we followed a 3-stage biomarker development strategy: (a) using circadian transcriptomics of blood monocytes from 12 individuals in a constant routine protocol combined with machine learning approaches, we identified biomarkers for internal time; and these biomarkers (b) were migrated to a clinically relevant gene expression profiling platform (NanoString) and (c) were externally validated using an independent study with 28 early or late chronotypes.
We developed a highly accurate and simple assay (BodyTime) to estimate the internal circadian time in humans from a single blood sample. Our assay needs only a small set of blood-based transcript biomarkers and is as accurate as the current gold standard method, dim-light melatonin onset, at smaller monetary, time, and sample-number cost.
The BodyTime assay provides a new diagnostic tool for personalization of health care according to the patient's circadian clock.
This study was supported by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Germany (FKZ: 13N13160 and 13N13162) and Intellux GmbH, Germany.
Purpose To explore the prognostic impact and interdependence of the cell-of-origin (COO) classification, dual expression (DE) of MYC and BCL2 proteins, and MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 translocations in two ...prospectively randomized clinical trials of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Patients and Methods Overall, 452 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from two prospective, randomized DLBCL trials (RICOVER-60, prospective, randomized study for patients > 60 years, all IPI groups; and R-MegaCHOEP, prospective, randomized study for patients ≤ 60 years with age-adjusted IPI 2,3) of the German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group were analyzed with the Lymph2Cx assay for COO classification, with immunohistochemistry for MYC and BCL2, and with fluorescent in situ hybridization for MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 rearrangements. Results COO classification was successful in 414 of 452 samples. No significant differences with respect to COO (activated B-cell ABC-like DLBCL v germinal center B-cell GCB-like DLBCL) were observed in event-free survival, progression-free survival, and overall survival in patients treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) in the RICOVER-60 trial. Also, no differences with respect to COO were observed in multivariable analyses adjusted for International Prognostic Index factors in event-free survival (hazard ratio HR of ABC-like disease v GCB-like disease, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.6 to 1.6; P = .93), progression-free survival (HR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.6 to 1.8; P = .82), and overall survival (HR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.6 to 1.8; P = .96). Similar results were observed in the R-MegaCHOEP trial. In patients treated with R-CHOP, DE status was associated with significantly inferior survival compared with nonDE within the GCB, but not within the ABC subgroup. DE status was associated with significantly inferior outcome compared with patients with ABC-like DLBCL without DE (5-year PFS rate, 39% 95% CI,19% to 59% v 68% 95% CI, 52% to 85%; P = .03) and compared with patients with GCB-like DLBCL without DE. When data from patients with nonDE were analyzed separately, the outcome of patients in the ABC subgroup was inferior to that of patients in the GCB subgroup (5-year PFS rate, 68% 95% CI, 52% to 85% v 85% 95% CI, 74% to 96%; P = .04). Conclusion COO profiling in two prospective randomized DLBCL trials failed to identify prognostic subgroups, whereas dual expression of MYC and BCL2 was predictive of poor survival. Evaluation of prognostic or predictive biomarkers in the management of DLBCL, such as the COO, within prospective clinical trials will be important in the future.
Analysis of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) derived from peripheral blood ("liquid biopsy") is an attractive alternative to identify non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with the
T790M ...mutation eligible for 3rd generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. We evaluated two PCR-based next generation sequencing (NGS) approaches, one including unique molecular identifiers (UMI), with focus on highly sensitive
T790M mutation detection. Therefore, we extracted and sequenced cfDNA from synthetic plasma samples spiked with mutated DNA at decreasing allele frequencies and from 21 diagnostic NSCLC patients. Data evaluation was performed to determine the limit of detection (LoD), accuracy, specificity and sensitivity of both assays. Considering all tested reference dilutions and mutations the UMI assay performed best in terms of LoD (1% vs. 5%), sensitivity (95.8% vs. 81.3%), specificity (100% vs. 93.8%) and accuracy (96.9% vs. 84.4%). Comparing mutation status of diagnostic samples with both assays showed 81.3% concordance with primary mutation verifiable in 52% of cases.
T790M was detected concordantly in 6/7 patients with allele frequencies from 0.1% to 27%. In one patient, the T790M mutation was exclusively detectable with the UMI assay. Our data demonstrate that both assays are applicable as multi-biomarker NGS tools enabling the simultaneous detection of primary
driver and resistance mutations. However, for mutations with low allelic frequencies the use of NGS panels with UMI facilitates a more sensitive and reliable detection.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) represents a heterogeneous diagnostic category with distinct molecular subtypes that can be defined by gene expression profiling. However, even within these ...defined subtypes, heterogeneity prevails. To further elucidate the pathogenesis of these entities, we determined the expression of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in 248 primary DLBCL patient samples. These analyses revealed that loss of PTEN was detectable in 55% of germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) DLBCLs, whereas this abnormality was found in only 14% of non-GCB DLBCL patient samples. In GCB DLBCL, the PTEN status was inversely correlated with activation of the oncogenic PI3K/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway in both DLBCL cell lines and primary patient samples. Reexpression of PTEN induced cytotoxicity in PTEN-deficient GCB DLBCL cell line models by inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling, indicating an addiction to this pathway in this subset of GCB DLBCLs. PI3K/AKT inhibition induced down-regulation of the transcription factor MYC. Reexpression of MYC rescued GCB DLBCL cells from PTEN-induced toxicity, identifying a regulatory mechanism of MYC expression in DLBCL. Finally, pharmacologic PI3K inhibition resulted in toxicity selectively in PTEN-deficient GCB DLBCL lines. Collectively, our results indicate that PTEN loss defines a PI3K/AKT-dependent GCB DLBCL subtype that is addicted to PI3K and MYC signaling and suggest that pharmacologic inhibition of PI3K might represent a promising therapeutic approach in these lymphomas.
•Highlight the efficiency of ionic liquids as direct cellulose solvent and their potential to produce new cellulose products from biomass.•Characterize the depolymerization of cellulose in ...1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate upon storage at high temperature via determination of the intrinsic viscosity and molar mass distribution.•Analyze the kinetics of cellulose degradation with two models.•Investigate the effect of cellulose degradation on visco-elastic properties of cellulose-IL solution by shear rheology.•Elucidate the effect of cellulose depolymerization on the elongational visco-elastic properties of the cellulose solutions using a capillary break-up extensional rheometer (CaBER). The methodology to process CaBER data of solutions with a high cellulose concentration is explained in detail. To the best of our knowledge, no similar study is available.
The thermal stability of cellulose in the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, emimOAc was investigated. For this purpose, Eucalyptus urugrandis prehydrolysis kraft pulp was first dissolved in emimOAc by means of a vertical kneader and then stored at three different temperatures to study the time-depended behavior of the cellulose-emimOAc system. Cellulose depolymerization was assessed by characterizing the precipitated cellulose and the rheological behavior of the cellulose-emimOAc solutions. The results show decreases in the weight average molecular mass and in the shear viscosity at temperatures exceeding 60°C, which can be related to progressing degradation of cellulose in the IL upon storage at elevated temperature. The changes in behavior of the solutions under extensional stresses also attest the gradual depolymerization of cellulose. The degradation has been analyzed using appropriate kinetic models. Propyl gallate appeared to be an efficient stabilizer of the cellulose-emimOAc system during the dissolution step even though the mechanism has not been fully understood yet.
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