In this paper we consider periodic orbit pairs contributing in the third order of the spectral form factor in the Hadamard-Gutzwiller model. We prove that periodic orbits involving two 2-encounters ...in certain structures have partner orbits, which together with original ones form orbit pairs and contribute in the third order of the spectral form factor. The action differences are estimated at ln(1+u1s1)(1+u2s2) with explicit error bounds, where (u1,s1) and (u2,s2) are the coordinates of the piercing points. A symbolic dynamics for orbit pairs via conjugacy classes is also established.
A dearomative reduction of simple arenes has been developed which employs a visible‐light‐mediated cycloaddition of arenes with an N‐N‐arenophile and in situ diimide reduction. Subsequent ...cycloreversion or fragmentation of the arenophile moiety affords 1,3‐cyclohexadienes or 1,4‐diaminocyclohex‐2‐enes, compounds that are not synthetically accessible using existing dearomatization reactions. Importantly, this strategy also provides numerous opportunities for further derivatization as well as site‐selective functionalization of polynuclear arenes.
Light it up: A dearomative strategy based on the visible‐light‐promoted para‐cycloaddition of arenophile with arenes and in situ diimide reduction was developed that provides access to 1,3‐cyclohexadienes or unsaturated 1,4‐diamines. These products are complementary to known dearomative processes and are amenable to further diversification.
Spatial and temporal distributions of metal ions in vitro and in vivo are crucial in our understanding of the roles of metal ions in biological systems, and yet there is a very limited number of ...methods to probe metal ions with high space and time resolution, especially in vivo. To overcome this limitation, we report a Zn2+-specific near-infrared (NIR) DNAzyme nanoprobe for real-time metal ion tracking with spatiotemporal control in early embryos and larvae of zebrafish. By conjugating photocaged DNAzymes onto lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), we have achieved upconversion of a deep tissue penetrating NIR 980 nm light into 365 nm emission. The UV photon then efficiently photodecages a substrate strand containing a nitrobenzyl group at the 2′-OH of adenosine ribonucleotide, allowing enzymatic cleavage by a complementary DNA strand containing a Zn2+-selective DNAzyme. The product containing a visible FAM fluorophore that is initially quenched by BHQ1 and Dabcyl quenchers is released after cleavage, resulting in higher fluorescent signals. The DNAzyme–UCNP probe enables Zn2+ sensing by exciting in the NIR biological imaging window in both living cells and zebrafish embryos and detecting in the visible region. In this study, we introduce a platform that can be used to understand the Zn2+ distribution with spatiotemporal control, thereby giving insights into the dynamical Zn2+ ion distribution in intracellular and in vivo models.
Adverse birth outcomes have been linked to neighborhood level socioeconomic status. However, little work has examined the influence of social and economic change over time (i.e., gentrification) on ...health. This study aims to assess the association between gentrification and preterm birth (PTB) while examining the modifying effect of maternal race/ethnicity and educational attainment. New York City births, 2008–2010, (
n
= 126,165) were linked to a measure of gentrification at the community district level (
n
= 59). The gentrification measure was calculated using percent change in education level, poverty level, and median household income (MHI) between the 2005–2009 American Community Survey and the 1990 Census. PTB was defined as clinical gestational age less than 37 weeks. Generalized estimating equations were utilized to examine the association. Gentrification (i.e., increase in residents with a college education, increase in MHI, and decrease in residents living below the poverty line) was not associated with PTB. However, among Non-Hispanic Blacks, very high gentrification was adversely associated with PTB (AOR, 1.16; 95 % CI, 1.01–1.33) as compared to those who lived in a very low gentrified neighborhood. Among non-Hispanic Whites, living in a very high gentrified neighborhood was protective as compared to living in a very low gentrified neighborhood (AOR, 0.78; 95 % CI, 0.64–0.94). Although there is a need to develop a more nuanced measure of gentrification, these results indicate that changes in the economic character of a neighborhood may have a significant influence on birth outcomes.
Abstract
Heparan sulfates have long been known to intracellularly accumulate in Alzheimer’s disease neurons, where they colocalize with neurofibrillary tangles made of abnormally phosphorylated and ...aggregated tau protein. However, the reasons and consequences of the heparan sulfates accumulation in the Alzheimer’s cells are not yet well understood. Previously, we showed that the neural heparan sulfate 3-
O
-sulfotransferase HS3ST2 is critical for the abnormal phosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease-related tauopathy. Using cell models of tauopathy we showed that intracellular 3-
O
-sulfatated heparan sulfates interact with tau inducing its abnormal phosphorylation. However, it is unknown whether HS3ST2 expression induces the intracellular aggregation of tau in cells. Here, by using replicative pEBV plasmids, we engineered HEK293 cells to stably express HS3ST2 together with human tau carrying or not the P301S mutation. We show that HS3ST2 gain of function induces the cell autonomous aggregation of tau not only in cells expressing tau
P301S
, but also in cells expressing the wild type tau. Our engineered cells mimicked both the HS intracellular accumulation observed in neurons of Alzheimer’s disease and the tau aggregation characteristic of tauopathy development and evolution. These results give evidence that the neural HS3ST2 plays a critical role in the cell autonomous self-aggregation of tau.
Objective
Weight suppression (WS) and body mass index (BMI) have predicted weight change in individuals with eating disorders, but the interaction between these variables is understudied. ...Furthermore, WS is usually measured as absolute WS—the numeric difference between current weight and highest past weight—overlooking the potentially important influence of how much a person weighed at their highest historical weight.
Method
The current study investigated the independent and interacting effects of BMI and two measures of WS at admission on residential treatment weight change. WS measures included absolute WS and the relative WS index, the percentage of total body weight lost from highest past weight. Participants were women with anorexia nervosa (n = 357) or bulimia nervosa (n = 293) who provided complete data, 87% of the eligible treatment sample.
Results
In both diagnostic subsamples, BMI, absolute WS, and the relative WS index all significantly predicted weight change. The interaction between BMI and WS predicted weight change, but only when the relative WS index was used.
Discussion
Results highlight the potential importance of considering an individual's weight and weight history when predicting their treatment weight change and support the importance of utilizing both methods of calculating WS in future research.
Objective
Low participation and retention rates are persistent problems in eating disorder (ED) research. In order to improve the research process, this study used a qualitative approach to examine ...factors promoting and limiting research study participation among patients with EDs, and their preferences during research.
Method
Five 90‐min focus groups were conducted with adult women (N = 29) enrolled at a residential ED treatment facility. Facilitators asked a series of open‐ended questions about participants' experiences, opinions, and preferences with regard to ED treatment research. Transcript analysis identified themes using a consensual qualitative research approach.
Results
It was revealed that preventing others' suffering, improving ED treatment, and having low participant burden were major themes facilitating research participation. Major barriers to research participation included concern that research interferes with self‐care/recovery, burdensome nature of study design, and demeanor of the researchers/institutions involved with the study. Patients believed that the format of research assessments could be improved by better assessing the nuances of ED behaviors, examining non‐ED outcomes, and including more open‐ended questions. Patients anticipated that challenges in recovery, feelings of guilt, and logistical barriers could interfere with their ability to complete follow‐up research assessments.
Discussion
Factors related to the recruitment process, assessment format, follow‐up methods, and communication throughout the research process may need to be addressed to increase participation and retention rates. Findings indicate that recruitment strategies should include emphasizing the broader impact of the research and increasing sensitivity to the nature of patients with EDs experiences.
Summary
Introduction
The term ‘hedonic hunger’ refers to one's preoccupation with and desire to consume foods for the purposes of pleasure and in the absence of physical hunger. The Power of Food ...Scale (PFS) was developed as a quantitative measure of this construct in 2009. Since then, over 50 published studies have used the PFS to predict appetite‐related outcomes including neural, cognitive, behavioural, anthropometric and clinical measures.
Objective
This narrative review evaluates how closely the PFS captures the construct it was originally presumed to assess and to more clearly define hedonic hunger itself.
Methods
The measure's relationship to four domains is reviewed and summarized: motivation to consume palatable foods; level of actual consumption of such foods; body mass; and subjective loss‐of‐control over one's eating behaviour. Findings are synthesized to generate a more accurate understanding of what the PFS measures and how it may relate to the broader definition of hedonic hunger.
Results
Results suggest that the PFS is closely related to motivation to consume palatable foods and, in extreme cases, occurrence of loss‐of‐control eating episodes. PFS scores are not consistently predictive of amount of food consumed or body mass.
Conclusions
Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of behavioural health, and avenues for further inquiry are identified.
Cilia are ubiquitous eukaryotic organelles responsible for cellular motility and sensory functions. The ciliary axoneme is a microtubule-based cytoskeleton consisting of two central singlets and nine ...outer doublet microtubules. Cryo-electron microscopy-based studies have revealed a complex network inside the lumen of both tubules composed of microtubule-inner proteins (MIPs). However, the functions of most MIPs remain unknown. Here, we present single-particle cryo-EM-based analyses of the Tetrahymena thermophila native doublet microtubule and identify 42 MIPs. These data shed light on the evolutionarily conserved and diversified roles of MIPs. In addition, we identified MIPs potentially responsible for the assembly and stability of the doublet outer junction. Knockout of the evolutionarily conserved outer junction component CFAP77 moderately diminishes Tetrahymena swimming speed and beat frequency, indicating the important role of CFAP77 and outer junction stability in cilia beating generation and/or regulation.
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