On polymorphic gradual typing Igarashi, Yuu; Sekiyama, Taro; Igarashi, Atsushi
Proceedings of ACM on programming languages,
09/2017, Letnik:
1, Številka:
ICFP
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We study an extension of gradual typing—a method to integrate dynamic typing and static typing smoothly in a single language—to parametric polymorphism and its theoretical properties, including ...conservativity of typing and semantics over both statically and dynamically typed languages, type safety, blame-subtyping theorem, and the gradual guarantee—the so-called refined criteria, advocated by Siek et al. We develop System F
G
, which is a gradually typed extension of System F with the dynamic type and a new type consistency relation, and translation to a new polymorphic blame calculus System F
C
, which is based on previous polymorphic blame calculi by Ahmed et al. The design of System F
G
and System F
C
, geared to the criteria, is influenced by the distinction between static and gradual type variables, first observed by Garcia and Cimini. This distinction is also useful to execute statically typed code without incurring additional overhead to manage type names as in the prior calculi. We prove that System F
G
satisfies most of the criteria: all but the hardest property of the gradual guarantee on semantics. We show that a key conjecture to prove the gradual guarantee leads to the Jack-of-All-Trades property, conjectured as an important property of the polymorphic blame calculus by Ahmed et al.
The current mainstream of music score employs staff notation. Not limited within piano, staff notation is used for many types of instruments as it can contain a large amount of information. It is, ...however, often hard to read staff notation for novice players who are not familiar with it because of its complexity. Vertical line notation is a new type of notation, which is simple, intuitively designed and thus easy to understand. In this study, we examined a method of creating music scores on vertical line notation including piano fingering automatically from standard MIDI files (SMF), furthermore, a method of regulating upper and lower limits of displaying scale.
The current mainstream of music score employs staff notation. Not limited within piano, staff notation is used for many types of instruments as it can contain a large amount of information. It is, ...however, often hard to read staff notation for novice players who are not familiar with it because of its complexity. Vertical line notation is a new type of notation, which is simple, intuitively designed and thus easy to understand. In this study, we examined a method of creating music scores on vertical line notation including piano fingering automatically from standard MIDI files (SMF), furthermore, a method of regulating upper and lower limits of displaying scale.
現在の楽譜の主流は,ピアノに限らず五線譜である.五線譜は多数の楽器の楽譜に採用されているものであり,情報量も多い.しかし,五線譜に慣れていない人にとってはその複雑さによって読むのが難しい.タテ線譜は,ピアノ演奏初心者が読譜し易い新しい楽譜であり,五線譜とは異なり簡素で直感的である.従来,タテ線譜は手動で作成されているが,本研究ではこれをSMFからピアノ運指を含めて自動生成する方法について検討する.さらに,SMFの内容に合わせて表示する音階の上限と下限を変えられるようにした.
This paper presents an application of computer technology for music recreation in a nursing home using automatic music accompaniment system "Eurydice" and score of vertical line notation. It is ...considered that music recreation can help prevent or improve dementia. We implemented two types of tapping processing for music progression used any key on Eurydice. Moreover we have asked elder person who is a piano beginner to play the piano using VLN score. We report on our activities of applying our system for 10 months.
An obesity-related prediabetic state is characterised by metabolic abnormalities such as post-glucose load hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia and consequently increases the risk for type 2 diabetes and ...cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) on metabolic abnormalities in obese prediabetic subjects in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Herein, 100 obese subjects (body mass index ≥25), who had moderate post-load hyperglycaemia (1-hr post-load plasma glucose (PG) levels ≥180 mg/dl during the oral glucose tolerance test), consumed LcS-fermented milk or placebo milk daily for 8 weeks. The post-load PG and fasting blood markers were evaluated. Although post-load PG levels were not significantly different between the groups, 1-hr post-load PG, glycoalbumin, and HbA1c levels decreased at 8 weeks compared with the baseline levels only in the LcS group (p=0.036, p=0.002, and p=0.006, respectively). The reduction in glycoalbumin levels was statistically significantly greater in the LcS group than in the placebo group (p=0.030). Stratified analyses revealed significantly improved 1-hr post-load PG and glycoalbumin levels in the LcS group compared with the placebo group among subjects with severe glucose intolerance (2-hr post-load PG levels higher than the median at baseline; p=0.036 and p=0.034, respectively). In terms of lipidic outcomes, total, low-density lipoprotein, and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the LcS group than in the placebo group (p=0.023, p=0.022, and p=0.008, respectively). These findings suggest that LcS may favourably affect metabolic abnormalities in obese prediabetic subjects, though the effects on glycaemic control may be limited.
We conducted a risk-adapted upfront docetaxel (DOC) in patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). Here, we reported an interim analysis of the study. The study enrolled 68 ...patients with newly diagnosed mHSPC between 2016 and 2018. According to the presence of visceral metastasis, an EOD score ≥ 3, or prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level at 3 months of ≥ 1 ng/mL, patients were divided into low- and high-risk groups. Patients were treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with or without bicalutamide; those in the high-risk group received upfront treatment involving six cycles of DOC (70 mg/m
2
). Short-term treatment effect, adverse events, and quality of life (QOL) were evaluated. Fifty (73.5%) were classified in the high-risk group, and 46 (67%) received upfront ADT + DOC. In the ADT + DOC group, 43.5% (20/46) patients achieved a PSA level ≤ 0.2 ng/mL. PSA nadir and time to PSA nadir were 0.291 ng/mL and 288 days, respectively. In the ADT + DOC group, 76.1% (35/42) patients had adverse events (AEs) of grade ≥ 3. During a median follow-up of 18.5 months, 36.4% (8/22) patients in the ADT group and 43.5% (20/46) in the ADT + DOC group had CRPC. Two QOL scores including the physical status and appetite loss at 6 months significantly worsened in the ADT + DOC group but was resolved by 12 months. Upfront DOC achieved high PSA responses without long-term QOL deterioration. However, the short-term outcomes were limited. Longer follow-up is needed to determine the survival advantage.
Background and Aim
Measuring the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) is an established technique to detect increased portal pressure and predict the presence of esophageal varices (EVs); however, ...the risk of the test is greater than the information it provides. This study aimed to clarify the usefulness of virtual touch tissue quantification (VTQ), which assesses liver stiffness, in predicting the presence of EVs in patients with liver cirrhosis by comparing it with HVPG.
Methods
Two hundred seventeen patients with liver cirrhosis underwent VTQ, HVPG measurement, and upper endoscopy. Patients were divided into three groups: group V, hepatitis C virus liver cirrhosis (n = 40); group A, alcoholic liver cirrhosis (n = 116); and group N, other liver cirrhosis (n = 61). In each group, we performed linear regression analysis of VTQ and HVPG data. The accuracy of VTQ and HVPG measurement in predicting the presence of EVs and high‐risk EVs (EV category F2 and F3) was assessed by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC).
Results
VTQ was significantly correlated with the HVPG in the whole patients and in each group, and both VTQ and HVPG values were significantly higher in patients with EVs and high‐risk EVs than in those without. The AUROC for the presence of EVs for VTQ was 0.76 in the whole sample, 0.76 in group V, 0.79 in group A, and 0.67 in group N; and for HVPG, 0.92, 0.94, 0.93, and 0.88, respectively. For VTQ, the AUROC for the presence of high‐risk EVs was 0.78 in the whole sample, 0.78 in group V, 0.73 in group A, and 0.73 in group N; and for HVPG, it was 0.85, 0.82, 0.85, and 0.82, respectively.
Conclusion
VTQ was reliable at predicting the presence of EVs and high‐risk EVs. Therefore, we propose that VTQ is a useful, noninvasive tool for predicting the presence of EVs in daily medical care.
Virtual touch tissue quantification (VTQ) was reliable at predicting the presence of esophageal varices (EVs) and high‐risk EVs. We propose that VTQ is a useful, noninvasive tool for predicting the presence of EVs in daily medical care.
A 73-year-old woman with a history of perforated diverticulitis in the sigmoid colon and chronic kidney disease was brought to our hospital with acute left lower abdominal pain. Abdominal computed ...tomography showed descending colitis. Contrast enema and colonoscopy revealed that the entire circumference of the descending colon was constricted. Abdominal angiography showed obstruction at the root of the inferior mesenteric artery. The patient was diagnosed with chronic ischemic changes combined with chronic diverticulitis. Proctosigmoidectomy (Hartmann procedure) was performed, and the postoperative course was uneventful. The patient has experienced no recurrence or complications to date.
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