Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in China, elderly and multimorbid subjects showed a higher mortality rate. However, other factors could influence the mortality ...and spread of contagion, such as population density. Archival research based on the Italian data stratified by region was performed to quantify the association between population density, aging index, number of positive cases, number of deaths, case-fatality rate, and medical equipment (gloves, masks, and ventilators). Results showed a significant positive linear correlation between population density and cases, deaths, and case-fatality rate. No correlation with the aging index was observed. Furthermore, we found a significant positive correlation between the number of medical supplies and population density, cases, and deaths. However, the medical supplies did not show any correlation with the case-fatality rate. Thus, these findings suggest that the population density and the lack of medical equipment are key factors explaining the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 in Italy.
When normal individuals are asked to localize and mark the midpoint of a radial line, they tend to bisect it farther than the true center. It has been suggested that radial misbisection depends on ...the presence of a visual attentional bias directed toward the far space. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the localization of the center of radial lines was affected by the starting position of the hand. There were two starting positions: one between the body and the radial line ("near"), the other beyond the radial line ("far"). Thirty-four subjects participated in the experiment. The results showed that (i) participants bisected radial lines farther than the true center, measured with reference to their body, in both near and far condition, and (ii) bisection errors in the near condition were greater than those in the far condition. We suggest that hand starting position and direction of ongoing movement influenced radial line misbisection by modulating visual attentional bias directed to far space.
Decreased upper-extremity/visuomotor abilities are frequently encountered in healthy aging. However, few studies have assessed hand movements in the prodromal stage of dementia. The evaluation of ...visuomotor skills in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (PwMCI) may have non-negligible clinical relevance both in diagnostic and prognostic terms, given the strong relationships with executive functioning and functional autonomies. In the present review paper, these issues will be disclosed by describing general pathophysiological and neuropsychological mechanisms responsible for visuomotor deficits, and by reporting the available experimental results on differences in visuomotor functioning between PwMCI, healthy controls and/or patients with dementia. Moreover, the relationships binding visuomotor and executive domains to functional autonomies will be then addressed. Finally, we will propose insights for future research.
Neurofeedback (NF) is a biofeedback technique that teaches individuals self-control of brain functions by measuring brain activations and providing an online feedback signal to modify emotional, ...cognitive, and behavioral functions. NF approaches typically rely on a single modality, such as electroencephalography (EEG-NF) or a brain imaging technique, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI-NF). The introduction of simultaneous EEG-fMRI tools has opened up the possibility of combining the high temporal resolution of EEG with the high spatial resolution of fMRI, thereby increasing the accuracy of NF. However, only a few studies have actively combined both techniques. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of EEG-fMRI-NF studies (N = 17) to identify the potential and effectiveness of this non-invasive treatment for neurological conditions. The systematic review revealed a lack of homogeneity among the studies, including sample sizes, acquisition methods in terms of simultaneity of the two procedures (unimodal EEG-NF and fMRI-NF), therapeutic targets field, and the number of sessions. Indeed, because most studies are based on a single session of NF, it is difficult to draw any conclusions regarding the therapeutic efficacy of NF. Therefore, further research is needed to fully understand non-clinical and clinical potential of EEG-fMRI-NF.
The relationship binding body weight to psychological well-being is unclear. The present study aims at identifying the contribution, and specificity, of some dimensions (i.e., eating-related ...symptoms, body image disorders, eating habits, personality traits, and emotional difficulties) characterizing the psychological profile of obese adolescents (749 participants, 325 females; 58.3% normal-weight, 29.9% overweight, and 11.7% obese; mean age = 16.05, SD = 0.82).
By introducing the scores obtained by standardized self-report tools into a generalized linear model, a factorial reduction design was used to detect the best fitting discriminant functions and the principal components explaining the higher proportion of the variance.
We found two discriminant functions correctly classifying 87.1% of normal-weight, 57.2% of overweight, and 68.2% of obese adolescents. Furthermore, two independent factors, explaining 69.68% of the total variance, emerged.
The first factor, "Body Image Concerns", included the drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, and interpersonal distrust. The second factor, "Selective Depersonalization", included a trend toward depersonalization and dissatisfaction with the torso. The neurophysiological implications of our findings will be discussed.
Pandemics have the potential to change how people behave and feel. The COVID-19 pandemic is no exception; thus, it may serve as a "challenging context" for understanding how pandemics affect people's ...minds. In this study, we used high-density electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the neural correlates of fear of contagion during the most critical moments of COVID-19 in Italy (i.e., October 2020-May 2021). To do that, we stimulated participants (N = 17; nine females) with artificial-intelligence-generated faces of people presented as healthy, recovered from COVID-19, or infected by SARS-CoV-2. The fMRI results documented a modulation of large bilateral fronto-temporo-parietal functional brain networks. Critically, we found selective recruitment of cortical (e.g., frontal lobes) and subcortical fear-related structures (e.g., amygdala and putamen) of the so-called social brain network when participants observed COVID-19-related faces. Consistently, EEG results showed distinct patterns of brain activity selectively associated with infected and recovered faces (e.g., delta and gamma rhythm). Together, these results highlight how pandemic contexts may reverberate in the human brain, thus influencing most basic social and cognitive functioning. This may explain the emergence of a cluster of psychopathologies during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study underscores the need for prompt interventions to address pandemics' short- and long-term consequences on mental health.
Background
The clock-drawing test (CDT) is a neuropsychological screening tool largely used to explore cognitive functioning. It requires participants to draw an analog clock face. Many studies have ...reported a good correlation between the CDT and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The CDT has also showed a variable specificity. There are, however, some inconsistencies concerning the effect of sociodemographic variables (sex, age, education) on clock-drawing abilities. The present study aimed at examining these issues in a sample of middle-aged/young-old healthy adults.
Method
Participants (
n
= 97) performed the MMSE and CDT. Clock drawings were assessed by five formal scoring systems (Wolf-Klein, Watson, Freedman, Manos, Shulman). In addition, three naïve raters provided a dichotomous judgment (normal vs. abnormal) for each clock.
Results
Sociodemographic variables did not affect CDT performance. Unlike earlier studies, CDT scores did not correlate with MMSE. Moreover, test specificity was appropriate only for Freedman’s, Shulman’s, and Wolf-Klein’s methods. Interestingly, some participants drew clocks with numbers as they appear in digital clocks. By re-running the statistical analyses after removing these atypical clocks, four out of the five formal scores showed a significant correlation with MMSE; furthermore, CDT specificity slightly increased for all scoring systems including naïve ratings.
Conclusions
CDT is not affected by sociodemographic variables. The finding of some clocks with digitally represented numbers suggests the need to align neuropsychological assessments with demands from an increasing digitalized environment. Moreover, the occurrence of high false-positives and possible digital contaminations suggest great caution in interpreting the clinical significance of CDT.
Introduction
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic was accompanied by an overabundance of fake news increasing the risk of developing false memories (FMs). Previous studies have shown that ...the relationship between fake news and FMs could be mediated by some individual variables, including attitudinal biases. We explored the role of these variables in true memories (TMs) and FMs formation, with special emphasis on vaccine‐ and Green Pass (GP)‐related topics.
Method
We set up a large online survey exploring several constructs including media usage, attitude toward vaccines and GP, perceived (PK) and objective knowledge (OK) about COVID‐19‐related information, fear of the disease, depression and anxiety symptoms, coping mechanisms, and reasoning skills. Then, we asked participants whether they remembered certain news (true or fake), providing confidence ratings.
Results
Data from 289 respondents (198 females) from the general population were analyzed. Participants with positive attitude reported a greater fear that their loved ones contracted the COVID‐19, a more frequent use of traditional media, and a higher PK when compared with respondents with negative attitude. On the whole sample, participants reported higher confidence levels when required to judge their memory of true than fake news; however, participants with positive attitude reported a higher confidence for both true and fake news. The relationship between attitude and TM confidence was mediated by the PK, whereas the relationship between attitude and FM confidence was probably affected by OK.
Conclusion
Attitude can modulate individual behaviors in the context of health issues. The PK and OK may interact with attitude in the memory formation.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. The latter mainly include affective, sleep, and cognitive deficits. Non-demented PD ...patients often demonstrate impairments in several executive domains following neuropsychological evaluation. The current pilot study aims at assessing the discriminatory power of the Frontal Assessment Battery-15 (FAB15) in differentiating (i) non-demented PD patients and healthy controls and (ii) PD patients with more and less pronounced motor symptoms.
Thirty-nine non-demented early-stage PD patients in the "on" dopamine state (26 females, mean age = 64.51 years, SD = 6.47, mean disease duration = 5.49 years, SD = 2.28) and 39 healthy participants (24 females, mean age = 62.60 years, SD = 5.51) were included in the study. All participants completed the FAB15. Motor symptoms of PD patients were quantified
the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-Part III (UPDRS-Part III) and Hoehn and Yahr staging scale (H&Y).
The FAB15 score, adjusted according to normative data for sex, age, and education, proved to be sufficiently able to discriminate PD patients from healthy controls (AUC = 0.69 95% CI 0.60-0.75, SE = 0.06,
= 0.04, optimal cutoff = 11.29). Conversely, the battery lacked sufficient discriminative capability to differentiate PD patients based on the severity of motor symptoms.
The FAB15 may be a valid tool for distinguishing PD patients from healthy controls. However, it might be less sensitive in identifying clinical phenotypes characterized by visuospatial impairments resulting from posteroparietal and/or temporal dysfunctions. In line with previous evidence, the battery demonstrated to be not expendable in the clinical practice for monitoring the severity of PD-related motor symptoms.
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