Two Avalanche Photodiodes will measure the light produced in each of the 61,200 PbWO
4 crystals composing the barrel part of the electromagnetic calorimeter of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) at the ...Large Hadron Collider of CERN. To improve the collection of the photons, these detectors will be glued to the crystal. To be used in CMS, the optical glue must fulfil several requirements. This paper describes some of those requirements and reports the results of more general interest achieved during the investigation of several commercial optical glues. In particular, refractive index, absorption length, radiation hardness and forecast ageing after 15 years are reported. The most promising glue for CMS was more deeply investigated; its chemical composition and a method to measure the curing time in realistic conditions are reported.
The feasibility of using cosmic rays to make an intercalibration of the ECAL Supermodules before installation in CMS has been investigated. In a test with a single crystal a clear signal with a width ...of 15% rms was seen, with rates as expected. Simulations using a simplified detector geometry and a parameterisation of the vertical cosmic ray muon flux indicate that it is feasible to use the surrounding crystals as veto counters to ensure a longitudinal trajectory through the crystal, without introducing a large systematic error. The statistical error would be around 1% for one week of running.
Double screening tests of the CMS ECAL avalanche photodiodes Deiters, K.; Ingram, Q.; Renker, D. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
05/2005, Letnik:
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Journal Article
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Specially developed avalanche photodiodes (APDs) will be used to measure the light from the 61,200 lead tungstate crystals in the barrel part of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter. To ensure the ...reliability over the lifetime of the detector, every APD is screened by irradiation and burn-in before it is accepted for CMS. As part of the establishment of the screening procedure and to determine its effectiveness, a large number of APDs were screened twice. The results of these tests suggest that the required reliability will be achieved.
Worldwide hundreds of millions of schistosomiasis patients rely on treatment with a single drug, praziquantel. Therapeutic limitations and the threat of praziquantel resistance underline the need to ...discover and develop next generation drugs.
We studied the antischistosomal properties of the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) malaria box containing 200 diverse drug-like and 200 probe-like compounds with confirmed in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Compounds were tested against schistosomula and adult Schistosoma mansoni in vitro. Based on in vitro performance, available pharmacokinetic profiles and toxicity data, selected compounds were investigated in vivo.
Promising antischistosomal activity (IC50: 1.4-9.5 µM) was observed for 34 compounds against schistosomula. Three compounds presented IC50 values between 0.8 and 1.3 µM against adult S. mansoni. Two promising early leads were identified, namely a N,N'-diarylurea and a 2,3-dianilinoquinoxaline. Treatment of S. mansoni infected mice with a single oral 400 mg/kg dose of these drugs resulted in significant worm burden reductions of 52.5% and 40.8%, respectively.
The two candidates identified by investigating the MMV malaria box are characterized by good pharmacokinetic profiles, low cytotoxic potential and easy chemistry and therefore offer an excellent starting point for antischistosomal drug discovery and development.
To study the changes in blood volume and hormones controlling sodium and water homeostasis after infusions of 0.9% saline, Gelofusine (4% succinylated gelatin in 0.7% saline, weight-average molecular ...weight 30 kD), and Voluven (6% hydroxyethyl starch in 0.9% saline, weight-average molecular weight 130 kD) in healthy volunteers.
Randomized, three-way crossover study.
University teaching hospital.
Ten healthy adult male volunteers.
Volunteers received 1-L infusions of 0.9% saline, Gelofusine, and Voluven over 1 hr on three occasions. Body weight, hematocrit, serum biochemistry, and plasma concentrations of vasopressin, aldosterone, brain natriuretic peptide, and total renin were measured before infusion and hourly thereafter for 6 hrs. Changes in body water, blood volume, and extravascular fluid volume were calculated.
Although changes in body weight (total body water) after the infusions were similar, blood volume expansion by the two colloids was significantly greater than that produced by 0.9% saline (p < .01). At the end of infusions, 68%, 21%, and 16% of the infused volumes of 0.9% saline, Gelofusine, and Voluven, respectively, had escaped from the intravascular space to the extravascular space. Over the 6 hrs, the magnitude and duration of blood volume expansion by the two colloids were similar (p = .70). There were no significant differences in urinary volume, osmolality, and sodium content after the three infusions. Hormonal changes were similar after the three infusions, with the increase in natriuretic peptide being transient. The reduction in aldosterone and total renin concentrations was more sustained.
The effects of Gelofusine and Voluven were similar despite the 100 kD difference in weight-average molecular weight. Excretion of an acute fluid load containing sodium and chloride may be dependent on a sustained suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system rather than on natriuretic peptides.
The number of people with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) in the United States is steadily increasing, with minoritized populations having a disproportionate burden of disease. One ...strategy to address the racial and ethnic disparities in aging is to diversify scholars in the field of aging, to increase dynamic solution development and create cultural congruence among researchers and participants. The National Institute on Aging has a committed effort to increase and diversify the number of scientists who conduct aging and ADRD research, placing a call for Centers to focus on this effort. In response to the National Institute on Aging call, the Carolina Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Minority Research, housed at the University of South Carolina, proposed a dual approach to addressing these gaps through a joint national conference and mentorship program for underrepresented minoritized faculty. After one year of the program, the participating scholars were surveyed, and successes and growth points of the program were identified to help guide the improvement of this dual approach to addressing gaps in scholar diversity in aging research.
As the United States (U.S.) population rapidly ages, the incidence of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (ADRDs) is rising, with racial/ethnic minorities affected at disproportionate rates. ...Much research has been undertaken to test, sequence, and analyze genetic risk factors for ADRDs in Caucasian populations, but comparatively little has been done with racial/ethnic minority populations. We conducted a scoping review to examine the nature and extent of the research that has been published about the genetic factors of ADRDs among racial/ethnic minorities in the U.S.
Using an established scoping review methodological framework, we searched electronic databases for articles describing peer-reviewed empirical studies or Genome-Wide Association Studies that had been published 2005-2018 and focused on ADRD-related genes or genetic factors among underrepresented racial/ethnic minority population in the U.S.
Sixty-six articles met the inclusion criteria for full text review. Well-established ADRD genetic risk factors for Caucasian populations including
, and
have not been studied to the same degree in minority U.S. populations. Compared to the amount of research that has been conducted with Caucasian populations in the U.S., racial/ethnic minority communities are underrepresented.
Given the projected growth of the aging population and incidence of ADRDs, particularly among racial/ethnic minorities, increased focus on this important segment of the population is warranted. Our review can aid researchers in developing fundamental research questions to determine the role that ADRD risk genes play in the heavier burden of ADRDs in racial/ethnic minority populations.
Like cancer, Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) comprise a global health burden that can benefit tremendously from the power of disease registry data. With an aging population, the ...incidence, treatment, and mortality from ADRD is increasing and changing rapidly. In the same way that current cancer registries work toward prevention and control, so do ADRD registries. ADRD registries maintain a comprehensive and accurate registry of ADRD within their state, provide disease prevalence estimates to enable better planning for social and medical services, identify differences in disease prevalence among demographic groups, help those who care for individuals with ADRD, and foster research into risk factors for ADRD. ADRD registries offer a unique opportunity to conduct high-impact, scientifically rigorous research efficiently. As research on and development of ADRD treatments continue to be a priority, such registries can be powerful tools for conducting observational studies of the disease. This perspectives piece examines how established cancer registries can inform ADRD registries' impact on public health surveillance, research, and intervention, and inform and engage policymakers.
Background
Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) are at the forefront of the United States (US) public health agenda, with a disproportionate impact on racial/ethnic minorities. Aging ...scholars have called for prioritizing ADRD disparities research and addressing the systems that promote research as essential to achieving equity in healthy aging scholarship. In 2018, the National Institute on Aging (NIA)‐funded, Carolina Center on Alzheimer’s Disease and Minority Research (CCADMR) was founded to increase the diversity of the research workforce in population health and ADRD disparities. The CCADMR provides underrepresented minority (URM), junior/mid‐career faculty scientists with opportunities for pilot grant funding, mentorship by senior faculty, and health disparities‐focused training. We share evaluation findings from the training and mentorship components of the Center.
Method
Using a mixed methods approach, we analyzed data from quarterly scientist progress reports, interviews with mentors and scientists, and health disparities seminar evaluations.
Result
Nine scientists have been chosen as pilot project awardees since Center inception. They represent four academic institutions and have implemented disparities‐focused ADRD research ranging from estimating the prevalence of clusters of multi‐morbidity by ADRD type and race, to understanding the determinants of ADRD for African Americans to inform the development of a social robot to engage the community in ADRD‐related activities. Scientists have presented their research at aging and ADRD‐focused conferences, each with manuscripts currently under development. Qualitative interview data (N=9) show that mentors and scientists feel positively about the CCADMR, particularly the mentorship component. Junior scientists have a strong desire to advance their ADRD research, but they face challenges partly due to their institutions’ emphasis on diversity, which typically force them to assume additional responsibilities, leaving limited time for their research. Evaluation data show that nearly 85% of seminar attendees are greatly satisfied with the speakers and content. Since the conversion to virtual seminars due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, over 90% of attendees report being “very satisfied” with speakers and content.
Conclusion
While the evaluation of CCADMR outcomes is ongoing, our experience may be a practical resource for others developing interdisciplinary training programs to increase the pipeline of URM scientists conducting ADRD research.
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