Sodium appetite is an innate behavior occurring in response to sodium depletion that induces homeostatic responses such as the secretion of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone from the zona ...glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and the stimulation of the peptide hormone angiotensin II (ANG II). The synergistic action of these hormones signals to the brain the sodium appetite that represents the increased palatability for salt intake. This narrative review summarizes the main data dealing with the role of mineralocorticoid and ANG II receptors in the central control of sodium appetite. Appropriate keywords and MeSH terms were identified and searched in PubMed. References to original articles and reviews were examined, selected, and discussed. Several brain areas control sodium appetite, including the nucleus of the solitary tract, which contains aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons, and the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT) that contains ANG II-sensitive neurons. Furthermore, sodium appetite is under the control of signaling proteins such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and inositol 1,4,5-thriphosphate (IP3). ANG II stimulates salt intake via MAPK, while combined ANG II and aldosterone action induce sodium intake via the IP3 signaling pathway. Finally, aldosterone and ANG II stimulate OVLT neurons and suppress oxytocin secretion inhibiting the neuronal activity of the paraventricular nucleus, thus disinhibiting the OVLT activity to aldosterone and ANG II stimulation.
Although the neurohypophyseal hormones vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) are mostly known for their role respectively in antidiuresis, and in labour, lactation and maternal behavior, both might ...exert widespread influences either on emotion and cognition in healthy subjects, showing some gender-related differences. They interact with each other facilitating shifts between positive socially- oriented and defensive states. In fact, VP amplifies the reactivity to stressors showing also beneficial effects on attention, verbal learning as well as memory, whereas OT reduces the amplitude of the stress response, improves emotion processing, and can play a negative effect on memory and verbal learning in healthy individuals. Several data indicate the possible involvement of these neuropeptides in the pathophysiology of psychiatric conditions involving social interactions, such as autism, as well as in schizophrenia and depression. The aim of this paper is to review the literature relating to the role played by neurohypophyseal hormones in neuropsychiatric disorders.
We analyzed the best of published literature dealing with the relationships between neurohypophyseal hormones and neuropsychiatric conditions like autism (AD), major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and schozophrenia, identifying keywords and MeSH terms in Pubmed and then searching them. The last search was performed on December 2017.
Several studies indicate a role played by OT and VP in AD, schizophrenia, MDD and BD. Even if conflicting data have been reported, several mechanisms may be involved in these behavioral diseases, such as differences in aminoacid sequence and peptide biological activity, neurotransmission and genetic disorders involving OT and VP receptors.
The involvment of VP and OT in neurpopsychiatric disorders can support a possible beneficial therapy with OT or with VP antagonists. The target may be obtained using effective drug delivery methods as well as the association with other drugs.
Chronic heart failure (CHF) leads to an excess of urgent ambulatory visits, recurrent hospital admissions, morbidity, and mortality regardless of medical and non-medical management of the disease. ...This excess of risk may be attributable, at least in part, to comorbid conditions influencing the development and progression of CHF. In this perspective, the authors examined and described the most common endocrine disorders observed in patients with CHF, particularly in individuals with reduced ejection fraction, aiming to qualify the risks, quantify the epidemiological burden and discuss about the potential role of endocrine treatment. Thyroid dysfunction is commonly observed in patients with CHF, and sometimes it could be the consequence of certain medications (e.g., amiodarone). Male and female hypogonadism may also coexist in this clinical context, contributing to deteriorating the prognosis of these patients. Furthermore, growth hormone deficiency may affect the development of adult myocardium and predispose to CHF. Limited recommendation suggests to screen endocrine disorders in CHF patients, but it could be interesting to evaluate possible endocrine dysfunction in this setting, especially when a high suspicion coexists. Data referring to long-term safety and effectiveness of endocrine treatments in patients with CHF are limited, and their impact on several “hard” endpoints (such as hospital admission, all-cause, and cardiovascular mortality) are still poorly understood.
The aim of this narrative review was to analyze the role played by brain areas, neurohormones and neurotransmitters in the regulation of emotional and sexual behavior in the male.
We analyzed the ...currently available literature dealing with brain structures, neurotransmitters and neurohormones involved in the regulation of emotional and sexual behavior in the male.
A common brain pathway is involved in these two aspects. The Hippocampus seems to control the signals coming from the external environment, while the amygdala and the hypothalamus control the response to social stimuli. Stimulation of amygdala in the animal models increases sexual performance, while it triggers violent emotional responses. Stimulation of the hypothalamus causes reactions of violent anger and increases sexual activity. Catecholaminergic stimulation of the amygdala and hypothalamus increases emotional and sexual behavior, while serotonin plays an inhibitory role. Cholinergic inhibition leads to a suppression of copulatory activity, while the animal becomes hyperemotive. Opioids, such as β-endorphin and met-enkephalin, reduce copulatory activity and induce impotence. Gonadal steroid hormones, such as estrogen in female and testosterone in male, which play a major role in the control of sexual behavior and gender difference have been highlighted in this review. Vasopressin, oxytocin and their receptors are expressed in high density in the "social behavior neural network" and play a role as signal system controlling social behavior. Finally, the neuropeptide kisspeptin and its receptors, located in the limbic structures, mediate olfactory control of the gonadotropic axis.
Further studies are needed to evaluate possible implications in the treatment of psychosexual and reproductive disorders.
Vasopressin in Heart Failure Iovino, Michele; Iacoviello, Massimo; De Pergola, Giovanni ...
Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets,
01/2018, Letnik:
18, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The nonapeptide hypothalamic hormone vasopressin (VP), exerts important effects on cardiovascular system via its receptors V1, V2 and V3. Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) present elevated ...plasma VP levels. Aim of this paper is to review the role of vasopressin in CHF.
We analyzed the best of published literature dealing with the role of VP in patients affected by CHF, identifying keywords and MeSH terms in Pubmed and then searching them. The last search was performed on August 2017.
Scientific articles dealing with the relationship between VP and CHF show that circulating high VP levels found in CHF despite an exaggerated increase in circulatory blood volume can contribute to CHF exacerbation. In particular, the stimulation of V1R induces vascular constriction responsible for increased systemic vascular resistance and afterload, and, in addition, coronary vasoconstriction with consequent reduced coronary circulation and cardiac contractility, whereas the stimulation of V2R induces free water reabsorption and this is responsible of preload increase and congestion of pulmonary vascular bed with edema and hyponatremia, markers of advanced CHF.
VP can play an important role among the derangements of the endocrine system in CHF even being a possible target in the treatment of this condition. Vaptans, antagonists of VP receptors, in fact, are able to increase urine output and plasma sodium levels without the increased risk of arrhythmic death induced by diuretics, even though, further studies are needed to establish a possible role of these drugs in the treatment of CHF.
Magnocellular neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamic supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei synthesize vasopressin and oxytocin in response to signals generated by osmoreceptors and ...baroreceptors and, respectively, by receptors of the nipples and cervix.
We analyzed the literature identifying relevant articles dealing with synaptic inputs of neural afferent pathways to Vasopressin-and Oxytocin-secreting neurons of SON and PVN.
This article focuses on the multisynaptic pathways involved in the regulation of Vasopressin and Oxytocin secretion.
An updated topographic description of the afferent pathways involved in the regulation of VPergic and OTergic neurons and their synaptic inputs inducing the stimulus-secretion-coupling has been depicted.
Dopamine regulates several functions, such as voluntary movements, spatial memory, motivation, sleep, arousal, feeding, immune function, maternal behaviors, and lactation. Less clear is the role of ...dopamine in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and chronic complications and conditions frequently associated with it. This review summarizes recent evidence on the role of dopamine in regulating insular metabolism and activity, the pathophysiology of traditional chronic complications associated with T2D, the pathophysiological interconnection between T2D and chronic neurological and psychiatric disorders characterized by impaired dopamine activity/metabolism, and therapeutic implications. Reinforcing dopamine signaling is therapeutic in T2D, especially in patients with dopamine-related disorders, such as Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases, addictions, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. On the other hand, although specific trials are probably needed, certain medications approved for T2D (e.g., metformin, pioglitazone, incretin-based therapy, and gliflozins) may have a therapeutic role in such dopamine-related disorders due to anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, improvement in insulin signaling, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, and apoptosis, restoration of striatal dopamine synthesis, and modulation of dopamine signaling associated with reward and hedonic eating. Last, targeting dopamine metabolism could have the potential for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in chronic diabetes-related complications, such as diabetic retinopathy.
The sleep-wake cycle is characterized by a circadian rhythm involving neurotransmitters and neurohormones that are released from brainstem nuclei and hypothalamus. The aim of this review is to ...analyze the role played by central neural pathways, neurotransmitters and neurohormones in the regulation of vigilance states.
We analyzed the literature identifying relevant articles dealing with central neural pathways, neurotransmitters and neurohormones involved in the control of wakefulness and sleep.
The reticular activating system is the key center in the control of the states of wakefulness and sleep via alertness and hypnogenic centers. Neurotransmitters and neurohormones interplay during the dark-light cycle in order to maintain a normal plasmatic concentration of ions, proteins and peripheral hormones, and behavioral state control.
An updated description of pathways, neurotransmitters and neurohormones involved in the regulation of vigilance states has been depicted.
Angiotensin II (ANG II) and vasopressin (VP) interact in several physiological mechanisms, playing a role in arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure. Aim and Methods of Search: To overview ...the primary mechanism involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function, PubMed/Medline was searched, and authors selected original articles and reviews written in English.
Angiotensin II (ANG II) and vasopressin (VP) are involved in several physiological mechanisms. ANG II stimulates VP release via angiotensin receptor 1. ANG II and VP stimulate aldosterone synthesis and secretion and enhance its action at the renal collecting duct level. VP is also involved in the cardiovascular reflex control of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Also, VP potentiates vasoconstriction and cardiac contractility, enhancing the effect of ANG II on sympathetic tone and arterial pressure. On the other hand, ANG II and VP act antagonistically in regulating baroreflex control of the SNS. There is evidence that high VP plasma levels increase baroreflex sympatho-inhibitory responses, and the arterial baroreflex response is shifted to lower pressure. This cardiovascular reflex control is mediated mainly in the brain, specifically in the circumventricular organ area postrema (AP). The modulation of cardiovascular reflex control induced by VP is abolished after lesions of the AP. VP modulation of baroreflex function is also under the control of α2-adrenergic pathway arising from the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and synapsing on VP-ergic neurons of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. Presynaptic α2-adrenergic stimulation within the NTS inhibits VP release induced by hypovolemia and the effects of VP and AP on baroreflex control of SNS, thus showing baroreceptor afferent inputs are processed within the NTS and contribute to the increased baroreflex sympatho-inhibitory responses.
In patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), plasma VP levels are elevated, inducing an up-regulation of aquaporin 2 water channel expression in renal collecting duct (CD) cells provoking exaggerated water retention and dilutional hyponatremia. Antagonists of VP and ANG II receptors reduce edema, body weight, and dyspnea in CHF patients.
Hormonal imbalance between ANG II, VP, and SNS may induce hypertension and impaired water-electrolyte balance in cardiovascular diseases.
Vasopressin (AVP) secretion and release are regulated by a number of central nervous system sites that receive peripheral signals from the osmoreceptors and baroreceptors. Aim of this paper is to ...review anatomical pathways and neurotransmitters involved as well as drugs affecting AVP secretion.
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