PET approaches for diagnosis of dementia Ishii, K
American journal of neuroradiology : AJNR,
2014 Nov-Dec, 2014-11-00, 20141101, Letnik:
35, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
There is increasing use of neuroimaging modalities, including PET, for diagnosing dementia. For example, FDG-PET demonstrates hypometabolic regions in the posterior cingulate gyri, precuneus, and ...parietotemporal association cortices, while amyloid PET indicates amyloid deposition in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer disease. Furthermore, the use of combination PET with structural MR imaging can improve the diagnostic accuracy of dementia. In other neurodegenerative dementias, each disease exhibits a specific metabolic reduction pattern. In dementia with Lewy bodies, occipital glucose metabolism is decreased, while in frontotemporal dementia, frontal and anterior temporal metabolism is predominantly decreased. These FDG-PET findings and positive or negative amyloid deposits are important biomarkers for various neurodegenerative dementias.
Fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) has been widely used to characterize dissolved organic matter (DOM). Characterization is based on the intensity and location ...of independent fluorescent components identified in models constructed from excitation–emission matrices (EEMs). Similar fluorescent components have been identified in PARAFAC studies across a wide range of systems; however, there is a lack of discussion regarding the consistency with which these similar components behave. The overall goal of this critical review is to compare results for PARAFAC studies published since the year 2000 which include one or more of three reoccurring humic-like components. Components are compared and characterized based on EEM location, characteristic ecosystems, and behavior in natural and engineered systems. This synthesis allows PARAFAC users to more confidently infer DOM characteristics based on identified components. Additionally, behavioral inconsistencies between similar components help elucidate DOM properties for which fluorescence spectroscopy with PARAFAC may be a weak predictive tool.
•The repertoire of identified sexual behavior-relevant olfactory cues is expanding.•The amygdala plays a role in processing information of the olfactory cues.•The dopaminergic system plays a role in ...regulating appetitive sexual behaviors.•The hypothalamus plays a role in controlling consummatory sexual behaviors.•Internal states modulate sensorimotor processing during sexual behavior.
Reproduction is essential for any animal species. Reproductive behaviors, or sexual behaviors, are largely shaped by external sensory cues exchanged during sexual interaction. In many animals, including rodents, olfactory cues play a critical role in regulating sexual behavior. What exactly these olfactory cues are and how they impact animal behavior have been a central question in the field. Over the past few decades, many studies have dedicated to identifying an active compound that elicits sexual behavior from crude olfactory components. The identified substance has served as a tool to dissect the sensory processing mechanisms in the olfactory systems. In addition, recent advances in genetic engineering, and optics and microscopic techniques have greatly expanded our knowledge of the neural mechanisms underlying the control of sexual behavior in mice. This review summarizes our current knowledge about how sexual behaviors are controlled by olfactory cues.
This study aims to confirm the diversity of intra‐Asian female marriage migrants in Japan with comprehensive statistics. Methodologically, I used quantitative method, collecting appropriate data from ...local demographic and immigration statistics in Japan. Simultaneously, I reviewed related empirical studies on the various factors affecting marriage migration, including those written in the local language (Japanese). Results indicate that 42.9 per cent of intra‐Asian female marriage migrants in Japan were middle‐aged women whose marriages to Japanese men were their second. Beyond a simple development–migration nexus perspective on marriage migration in Asia, middle‐aged women entering Japan for their second marriage often aim to escape social stigmatization and poverty and to overcome the difficulties of marrying late or remarrying in their own countries. A more complex intersectionality of gender–class–age stigmatization should be considered to understand marriage migration. The findings have important policy implications for both origin and destination countries.
In mice, various instinctive behaviors can be triggered by olfactory input. Despite growing knowledge of the brain regions involved in such behaviors, the organization of the neural circuits that ...convert olfactory input into stereotyped behavioral output remains poorly understood. Here, we mapped the neural circuit responsible for enhancing sexual receptivity of female mice by a male pheromone, exocrine gland-secreting peptide 1 (ESP1). We revealed specific neural types and pathways by which ESP1 information is conveyed from the peripheral receptive organ to the motor-regulating midbrain via the amygdala-hypothalamus axis. In the medial amygdala, a specific type of projection neurons gated ESP1 signals to the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in a sex-dependent manner. In the dorsal VMH, which has been associated with defensive behaviors, a selective neural subpopulation discriminately mediated ESP1 information from a predator cue. Together, our data illuminate a labeled-line organization for controlling pheromone-mediated sexual behavioral output in female mice.
•Sex pheromone information is sorted by the amygdala in a sexually dimorphic manner•A novel pathway from the hypothalamus to midbrain modulates female sexual behavior•Sex pheromone and predator cue signals are represented by mostly distinct neurons
Ishii et al. show a labeled-line neural circuitry for a sex pheromone, ESP1, that controls sexual receptivity of female mice. This circuit relays information in a sexually dimorphic manner, which is in line with the sex-dependent effects of ESP1.
Alternative approaches to wastewater management including urine source separation have the potential to simultaneously improve multiple aspects of wastewater treatment, including reduced use of ...potable water for waste conveyance and improved contaminant removal, especially nutrients. In order to pursue such radical changes, system-level evaluations of urine source separation in community contexts are required. The focus of this life cycle assessment (LCA) is managing nutrients from urine produced in a residential setting with urine source separation and struvite precipitation, as compared with a centralized wastewater treatment approach. The life cycle impacts evaluated in this study pertain to construction of the urine source separation system and operation of drinking water treatment, decentralized urine treatment, and centralized wastewater treatment. System boundaries include fertilizer offsets resulting from the production of urine based struvite fertilizer. As calculated by the Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI), urine source separation with MgO addition for subsequent struvite precipitation with high P recovery (Scenario B) has the smallest environmental cost relative to existing centralized wastewater treatment (Scenario A) and urine source separation with MgO and Na3PO4 addition for subsequent struvite precipitation with concurrent high P and N recovery (Scenario C). Preliminary economic evaluations show that the three urine management scenarios are relatively equal on a monetary basis (<13% difference). The impacts of each urine management scenario are most sensitive to the assumed urine composition, the selected urine storage time, and the assumed electricity required to treat influent urine and toilet water used to convey urine at the centralized wastewater treatment plant. The importance of full nutrient recovery from urine in combination with the substantial chemical inputs required for N recovery via struvite precipitation indicate the need for alternative methods of N recovery.
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•Conventional wastewater treatment and urine source separation are compared.•The focus is recovering N and P from source separated urine in a residential setting.•Urine separation enables reduced water use and thus less water/wastewater treatment.•Urine separation with high P recovery as struvite has the lowest environmental cost.•High N recovery via struvite precipitation has excessive chemical requirements.
In 5d Ir oxides with an interplay of spin-orbit coupling and electron correlations, we have tailored a spin-orbital magnetic insulator out of a semimetal SrIrO(3) by tuning the structure through ...superlattices (SrIrO(3))(m), SrTiO(3) (m=1,2,3,4, and ∞). We observed the systematic decrease of the magnetic ordering temperature and the resistivity as a function of m. The transition from the semimetal to the insulator is found to be closely linked to the appearance of magnetism at m≃3. Long range magnetic ordering was realized even in the m=1 single layer superlattice, implying that the design and realization of novel electronic phases is feasible at the level of a single atomic layer in complex Ir oxides.
Shock wave generation by collapse of a single explosive bubble exposed to an underwater shock wave in water has been studied experimentally and numerically. The explosive bubble was made of a ...stoichiometric ethylene-oxygen mixture and its initial volume-equivalent radius was varied from 1.0 to 2.9 mm. The underwater shock wave, whose strength ranged from 7 to 19 MPa, was driven by gasous detonation in a vertical detonation tube. It was found that after passage of the underwater shock wave, the bubble starts to shrink, resulting in explosion just before reaching the minimum radius. In the bubble rebound phase a shock wave is generated whose strength is about twice as compared to that for the air bubble. The maximum pressure of the shock wave nondimensionalized by the ambient pressure behind the underwater shock wave was found to be inversely proportional to the non-dimensional distance. The conversion rate of the bubble energy to the shock energy was estimated to be 0.10, regardless of chemical heat release. Simple numerical analysis of bubble dynamics including compressibility of water was performed. The calculated bubble motion and the shock propagation agree with the experimental results, although the calculated shock strength is overestimated mainly because of non-sphericity of the initial shape of the bubble floating up in water. There is also a good agreement between the experimental and the calculated results in regard to the ratio of the shock pressure for the explosive bubble to that for the air bubble.
DNA in microbes or host cells is normally sequestered from the immune system, and therefore inert, but becomes an active immunostimulatory molecule during infection or tissue damage. Recent evidence ...suggests that Toll-like receptor (TLR)9, currently the only known immune sensor for DNA, recognizes more diverse elements in its ligand than initially thought, and must cooperate with additional host factors to provoke an optimal innate immune response in the physiological environment. Moreover, the innate immune system possesses a TLR9-independent, as-yet-undefined intracellular recognition machinery of double-stranded DNA that induces type I interferons through distinct signaling pathways. TLR9-dependent and TLR9-independent immune recognition of DNA might play crucial roles in DNA-associated protective immunity and in pathological autoimmunity.
Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are an emerging class of tobacco goods that claim to have lower health risks than those of smoking combustible tobacco products. In this study, we exposed human lung ...epithelial cell lines to extracts prepared from HTP aerosols and combustible cigarette smoke to compare cytotoxicity. We focused on the effects of aldehydes present in the aerosols of HTPs at levels close to those in combustible cigarette smoke. Significant toxicity was confirmed for the HTP extract, albeit to a lesser extent than that with the combustible cigarette extract. When redox balance was evaluated by the oxidative loss of low-molecular-weight thiols in the cells, we found that total glutathione (GSH) contents and low-molecular-weight thiol levels were significantly decreased after exposure to the aerosol extract of HTPs. These results indicated that GSH is rapidly consumed during the detoxification of xenobiotics, such as aldehydes from tobacco extracts. Accordingly, exposure to the aerosol extract of HTPs resulted in the enhanced carbonylation of many proteins. In a simple comparison, the results for HTPs were significantly different from those obtained with combustible cigarette smoke, suggesting reduced toxicity of HTPs. However, we found significant and harmful effects after exposing lung epithelial cells to the aerosol extract of HTPs. Thus, a further comprehensive study is needed to clarify the lung damage induced via the long-term inhalation of aerosols from HTPs.
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•Aerosol extract of heated tobacco product (HTP) is cytotoxic to lung epithelial cell.•Total GSH contents were drastically decreased by exposure to aerosol extract of HTPs.•Exposure to aerosol extract of HTPs causes protein carbonylation in human lung cells.
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