First look into the eye Ivanišević, Milan
European journal of ophthalmology,
11/2019, Letnik:
29, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Purpose:
Until Helmholtz’s discovery of the ophthalmoscope, it was not possible to visualize the posterior pole of the eye in a living subject. The aim of this work is to emphasize the importance of ...the invention of the ophthalmoscope because the new era in ophthalmology began with it.
Methods:
Available literature concerning this topic was studied, especially by getting in contact with institutes for history of medicine as well as medico-historians in Germany and other countries.
Results:
Hermann von Helmholtz, German physician and physicist, presented and published his invention of the ophthalmoscope in 1851. Albrecht von Graefe was the first to use ophthalmoscope routinely. He said: ‘Helmholtz has opened a new world to us’. The first ophthalmoscope was not easy to use. Some ophthalmologists even thought that ophthalmoscopy is harmful for the eye, particularly for a diseased eye. First, it was used in Germany (A von Graefe), Austria (E Jäger), and Netherlands (FC Donders). In England, it was used only at Moorfields till 1855 (W Bowman). At the First International Congress of Ophthalmology in Brussels 1857, the importance of ophthalmoscopy was stressed. FC Donders said that every view with the ophthalmoscope into the living eye was a new discovery. Among retinal diseases, first were discovered pigment retinopathy (FC Donders) and retinal detachment (A Coccius) in 1853.
Conclusion:
Helmholtz inaugurated modern era in ophthalmology with his magnificant instrument which revolutionized the development of ophthalmology. Von Graefe popularized it. Because of the new findings, ophthalmology was definitely separated from surgery in the middle of 19th century.
Summary
Georg Joseph Beer (1763–1821) was an Austrian professor of ophthalmology who founded the First University Eye Clinic, the first such clinic in the world, and the Vienna School of ...Ophthalmology. He established ophthalmology as a separate specialty. Many famous ophthalmologists from Europe and abroad were educated by him and shared their knowledge with the next generations. He was an excellent eye surgeon, inventor, teacher, author, and medical illustrator. This paper gives a brief overview of his contributions to ophthalmology. In particular, the places where he lived and worked, which were located in the center of the city of Vienna, are described.
Summary
Background
Ferdinand von Arlt (1812–1887) was one of the greatest ophthalmologists of the 19th century. From 1856 to 1883 he was the head of the First University Eye Clinic in Vienna. The aim ...of this paper is to show the places where he lived during his working life in Vienna, because it has not been written about so far.
Methods
The article is based on an analysis of the data from Viennese address books of that time, the archives of the University of Vienna, medico-historical books, scientific articles, and internet sources.
Results
During his life in Vienna, Ferdinand von Arlt changed his residential address four times. He lived at Glacis, in Wickenburggasse, Mölkerbastei, and Bellariastrasse. He also had a country house not far from Vienna in Pötzleinsdorf. The paper describes in detail the places in Vienna where he lived and the eye clinic at which he worked. A brief biographical review of von Arlt and his family is also given.
Conclusion
Ferdinand von Arlt was an important representative of the Vienna School of Ophthalmology. The places where he stayed in Vienna were close to the eye clinic. The buildings in which he lived were in representative areas in the city of Vienna. Ultimately he had a large modern apartment, as his family grew over time and with him lived his wife, brother, son, and daughter with their families. This work is a contribution to his rich biography and a wish that the places where he lived Vienna not be forgotten.
Albrecht von Graefe (1828. ‒ 1870.) bio je glasoviti njemački oftalmolog koji je živio i radio u Berlinu. Udario je temelje modernoj i znanstvenoj oftalmologiji i prvi je specijalist koji se bavio ...isključivo oftalmologijom. Smatra ga se jednim od najvažnijih oftalmologa 19. stoljeća. Bio je svestran, ali najviše ga se pamti po tome što je prvi napravio iridektomiju u liječenju akutnog glaukoma. Izumio je nož za operacije katarakti koji se koristio stotinu godina, prvi se koristio Helmholtzovim oftalmoskopom i osnovao je prvo oftalmološko društvo na svijetu. Osnovao je poznatu privatnu očnu kliniku u Berlinu u kojoj je poučavao mnogobrojne studente i liječnike iz cijelog svijeta, od kojih su poslije mnogi postali poznatim oftalmolozima. Imao je oko 130 asistenata i učenika, a među poznatijima su bili Douglas Argyll Robertson, Johann Friedrich Horner, Theodor Leber, Richard Leibreich, Louis de Wecker, Albert Mooren, Edmund Landolt, Louis Émile Javal, Julius Hirschberg. Osim toga, mnogi su liječnici dolazili posjetiti von Graefea i vidjeti njegovu čuvenu očnu kliniku. Iako je umro od plućne tuberkuloze u 42. godini, a oftalmologijom se bavio samo dvadeset godina, ostavio je veliki trag u svjetskoj oftalmologiji. Njegovi učenici prenosili su njegovo znanje i vještine, a svojim radom i inventivnošću uvelike su doprinijeli razvoju oftalmologije kao samostalne struke. Cilj ovoga rada jest prikazati von Graefeove asistente i učenike i njihov utjecaj na razvoj oftalmologije.
Albrecht von Graefe (1828‒1870) was a famous German ophthalmologist who lived and worked in Berlin. He was the founder of modern and scientific ophthalmology and the first specialist to deal only with ophthalmology. He is considered to be one of the most important ophthalmologists of the 19th century. Graefe was a versatile person, but he is mostly remembered for making the first iridectomy for the treatment of acute glaucoma. He invented a knife for cataract surgery which has been used for a hundred years, and he was the first to use the Helmholtz ophthalmoscope and established the world's first ophthalmological society. He founded a well-known private eye clinic in Berlin where he trained many students and doctors from all over the world, who later became ophthalmologists. There were around 130 assistants and pupils, the most well-known among them included Douglas Argyll Robertson, Johann Friedrich Horner, Theodor Leber, Richard Leibreich, Louis de Wecker, Albert Mooren, Edmund Landolt, Louis Émile Javal, Julius Hirschberg. In addition to these, many doctors came to visit Graefe and see his famous eye clinic. Although he died of pulmonary tuberculosis at the age of 42 and practiced ophthalmology for only 20 years, his work has left a large impact on the world of ophthalmology. His pupils passed on his knowledge and skills, and through their work and inventiveness, they made a major contribution to the development of ophthalmology as an independent profession. The aim of this paper is to give an account on Graefe's assistants and pupils, and what impact they have had on the development of ophthalmology.
Narodna ili pučka medicina tradicionalna je medicinska praksa u općoj populaciji, posebno ruralnoj. U narodnoj medicini koristili su se biljni lijekovi, kao i ljudske i životinjske supstancije te ...minerali. U liječenju očnih bolesti najčešće su se upotrebljavali lijekovi biljnog podrijetla – kamilica, vidac i rosopas, zatim lijekovi ljudskog i životinjskog podrijetla – majčino mlijeko, slina, med, životinjska žuč, a od minerala bakreni sulfat. Malo je literature koja govori o narodnom liječenju očnih bolesti. Cilj je ovog rada prikazati kako su se u narodnoj medicini liječile očne bolesti u Dalmaciji u 19. stoljeću. Nastojalo se objasniti i razloge takva empirijskog liječenja koje se prenosilo s koljena na koljeno. Krajem 19., a osobito početkom 20. stoljeća u Dalmaciji, ali i u cijeloj Hrvatskoj, najprije u velikim gradovima, razvila se moderna i znanstvena oftalmologija. Tako je postupno narodna medicina u liječenju očnih bolesti sve više padala u zaborav.
Folk medicine is a traditional medical practice in the general population, especially in rural areas.Traditional medicine methods used herbal remedies as well as human and animal substances and minerals.The most commonly used drugs in the treatment of eye diseases were drugs of plant origin like chamomile, eyebright and greater celandine, then drugs of human and animal origin like breast milk, saliva, honey, animal bile, and copper sulfate from mineral origin.There is little information in the literature discussing the folk treatment of ocular diseases.The aim of this paper is to show how ocular diseases were treated in folk medicine in Dalmatia during the 19th century.Efforts were also made to explain the reasons for such empirical treatment that was passed from generation to generation.At the end of the 19th, and especially at the beginning of the 20th century, modern and scientific ophthalmology developed in Dalmatia, but also throughout Croatia, first in large cities.So gradually, folk medicine in the treatment of eye diseases became more and more forgotten.
The founder of the Vienna School of Ophthalmology was Prof. Dr. Georg Joseph Beer, who founded the First University Eye Clinic in the Vienna General Hospital in 1812. Prof. Ferdinand von Arlt led it ...for 27 years from 1856 to 1883. As the First Eye Clinic became too small, the Second University Eye Clinic was founded in 1883 at the same hospital in Vienna. Since 1885 it had been led for 30 years by Prof. Ernst Fuchs. Many well-known ophthalmologists were leading those Viennese eye clinics. However, Arlt and Fuchs were the main representatives of the Vienna School of Ophthalmology, which was always characterised by the high standards in the diagnosis and therapy of eye diseases. Many Croatian ophthalmologists were educated by them or their students, and later they established eye departments in the major cities in Croatia and transmitted acquired knowledge and experience. The first eye departments in Croatia were formed at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. The First University Eye Clinic in Croatia started to work in Zagreb in 1923. Our ophthalmologists transmitted the organisation of the clinics as they existed in Vienna, and that was the matrix form of all European clinics at that time. Therefore, the tradition of the Vienna School of Ophthalmology was passed on to the next generations. The paper also gives short biographies of Viennese and Croatian ophthalmologists and their mutual relations in education and work.
The founder of the Vienna School of Ophthalmology was Prof. Dr. Georg Joseph Beer, who founded the First University Eye Clinic in the Vienna General Hospital in 1812. Prof. Ferdinand von Arlt led it ...for 27 years from 1856 to 1883. As the First Eye Clinic became too small, the Second University Eye Clinic was founded in 1883 at the same hospital in Vienna. Since 1885 it had been led for 30 years by Prof. Ernst Fuchs. Many well-known ophthalmologists were leading those Viennese eye clinics. However, Arlt and Fuchs were the main representatives ofthe Vienna School of Ophthalmology, which was always characterised by the high standards in the diagnosis and therapy of eye diseases. Many Croatian ophthalmologists were educated by them or their students, and later they established eye departments in the major cities in Croatia and transmitted acquired knowledge and experience. The first eye departments in Croatia were formed at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. The First University Eye Clinic in Croatia started to work in Zagreb in 1923. Our ophthalmologists transmitted the organisation of the clinics as they existed in Vienna, and that was the matrix form of all European clinics at that time. Therefore, the tradition of the Vienna School of Ophthalmology was passed on to the next generations. The paper also gives short biographies of Viennese and Croatian ophthalmologists and their mutual relations in education and work.
Many things are said and written about famous ophthalmologist Albrecht von Graefe. This work gives detailed description of the places where he lived and practiced ophthalmology in Berlin, because ...very little was written about it and never in one paper. Von Graefe was born in 1828 in villa Finkenherd in the north-west part of Tiergarten in Berlin. He lived in Behrenstrasse, one of the fashionable streets in Berlin, where he began his ophthalmological practice in 1850. Later, in 1852 he founded a famous private eye clinic in Karlstrasse 46 where he treated numerous eye patients and educated many prominent ophthalmologists and surgeons. Several times he had changed his residence addresses. Among other places, he also stayed in Unter den Linden Avenue and Bellevuestrasse near Potsdamer Platz. In 1868 he became the head of the eye clinic in the Charité Hospital. Since then he lived in a spacious house on Viktoriastrasse until his death in 1870. Although Albrecht von Graefe lived only 42 years, he travelled a lot, but most of his life he spent in the city of Berlin. Graefe made many contributions to ophthalmology being considered the "father of glaucoma" and the nestor of modern ophthalmology.
Purpose
The aim of this article is to show Albrecht von Graefe’s contributions to the development of ophthalmology on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of his death. He is regarded as the ...greatest ophthalmologist of the 19th century. Modern and scientific ophthalmology owes its beginning to him.
Methods
Extensive literature research is made and contacts with institutions for history of medicine as well as medico-historians in the field of ophthalmology.
Results
His contributions to ophthalmology were multiple. Von Graefe was the first to introduce iridectomy in acute glaucoma treatment, initiated visual field testing and developed the first tonometer. He made the first classification of glaucoma. Von Graefe was the ophthalmologist who created a special knife for cataract surgery. He was also the first to use Helmholtz’ ophthalmoscope. He founded the first ophthalmological society in the world and the second ophthalmology journal which has been published continously up to now. In 1852 he founded famous private eye clinic in Berlin, where he treated many eye patients and educated many prominent ophthalmologists. At the age of 29 he became associate professor of ophthalmology, the first with such a title in Germany.
Conclusion
Albrecht von Graefe was founder of modern ophthalmology and separated it from surgery. Graefe’s contacts, correspondency and meetings at ophthalmological congresses with his teachers, assistants, collegaues also contributed to international co-operation and internationalization in ophthalmology. Although Albrecht von Graefe died before 150 years, he still provokes great admiration and respect in the world of ophthalmology.
Aim There were little information in literature about Albrecht von Graefe's ophthalmological education in Ireland, which was in summer 1851. The aim of this work is to illustrate his stay with Sir ...William Wilde in Dublin. A brief review of the two giants of ophthalmology also was given. Methods Historical search of the data, and the biography of the corresponding ophthalmologists were recorded and analysed. Institutes for history of medicine as well as medicohistorians also were contacted. Results Graefe visited Sir William Wilde at the end of his 3-years European ophthalmic educational travels. He learned from him about treatment and examinations of the eye and the skills of various ophthalmic operations, and organization of work in his eye hospital. After that he founded the famous private Eye Clinic in Berlin, and became one of the greatest ophthalmologists of the 19th century. Conclusion Graefe's talent, hard work, high quality of education and later continuous contacts with his teachers contributed to modernization and internationalization of ophthalmology.
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