To estimate the annual risk of infection with tubercle bacilli in the northern zone of India.
A community-based cross-sectional tuberculin survey was conducted among children aged 1-9 years who lived ...in a sample of villages and urban blocks of six selected districts in a defined north zone of India. A two-stage cluster sampling method was used to select rural and urban clusters. A total of 48 624 children in 598 clusters were subjected to tuberculin testing with one tuberculin unit (1 TU) of PPD RT23 stabilized with Tween 80. The maximum transverse diameter of induration was measured about 72 hours after the test.
Among the 48 624 test-read children, 22 064 (45.4%) had a bacille Calmette-Gu rin (BCG) scar. On the basis of the frequency distribution of tuberculin reaction size among 25 816 children without a BCG scar, the prevalence of infection with tubercle bacilli was estimated as 10.3%. The annual risk of infection was computed as 1.9%. The proportion of infected children was significantly higher in urban than rural areas.
The high rate of tuberculous infection in the north zone of India suggests the need for further intensification of tuberculosis control efforts on a sustained and long-term basis.
Selected villages in three defined zones of India.
To compare the estimated prevalence of tuberculous infection among children with and without bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) scar.
During a nationwide ...tuberculin survey, 1-9-year-old children were tuberculin tested using 1TU-PPD RT23 with Tween 80.
In the 5-9 year age group, subgroups of tuberculous infected children could be seen as distinct humps among those with or without BCG scar, but not in those aged 1-4 years. In children aged 1-4 years, the estimated prevalence of infection was respectively 3.5%, 3.8% and 3.6% among children without BCG scar, and 4.8%, 4.7% and 4.5% among children with BCG scar in the western, northern and eastern zones. In those aged 5-9 years, the estimated prevalence was respectively 10.4%, 11.0% and 9.1% among children without BCG scar and 11%, 11.9% and 8.7% among children with BCG scar in the three zones. Thus, in children aged 1-4 years, the estimated prevalence among those with BCG scar was considerably higher than in those without BCG scar. This difference was small in those aged 5-9 years.
Tuberculin surveys may be conducted irrespective of BCG scar status among children aged 5-9 years, when BCG vaccination is given using Danish 1331 strain during infancy under the Expanded Program of Immunization.
Abstract
Aims
This study was conducted to determine the clinical characteristics and risk factors of reduced ejection fraction (EF) in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients undergoing percutaneous ...coronary intervention (PCI).
Methods and Results
Analytical observational study with a cross-sectional study design was conducted. All patients diagnosed with CAD and had a history of PCI at Sanglah Hospital from December 2020 – June 2021 were enrolled. Univariate analysis was performed to demonstrate the baseline characteristics of the patients. Chi-Square analysis was performed to determine the association between variables. Kruskal-Wallis analysis was performed to determine the differences in clinical characteristics between groups of patients based on the EF. There were 196 patients included in this study. Most of the patients were male (n = 135, 68.9%), with median age of 59 (22-81). The median of the EF was 59.2% (22-81). The most common comorbid found in the patients was hypertension (n = 108, 55.1%). Chi-Square analysis showed a significant association between hyperuricemia (p = 0.019; PR = 1.815; 95%CI= 1.163-2.831), arrhythmias (p = 0.002; PR = 2.271; 95%CI=1.491-3.459), and cardiomegaly (p = 0.011; PR = 1.722; 95%CI=1.151-2.577) with the reduced EF. In logistic regression analysis, arrhythmia (p = 0.009; PR = 4.191; 95%CI=1.426-12.320) was significantly associated with reduced EF. Kruskal-Wallis analysis showed a significant difference in white blood cell (p = 0.021), neutrophil (p = 0.027), and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (p = 0.013) in patients based on the EF.
Conclusion
The comorbidity of CAD had a significant association with the reduced EF. Early intervention against this factor can improve the quality of management in the patient.
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•Synthesized 1D hexagonal ZnO rods without the aid of any organic capping agents.•Reaction temperature plays a crucial role in the formation of 1D hexagonal ZnO.•Possible reasons for ...the observed morphological characteristics are discussed.•Influence of reaction temperature on ZnO luminescence properties are explored.
One-dimensional (1D) zinc oxide (ZnO) hexagonal rods have been successfully synthesized by surfactant free hydrothermal process at different temperatures. It can be found that the reaction temperature play a crucial role in the formation of ZnO uniform hexagonal rods. The possible formation processes of 1-D ZnO hexagonal rods were investigated. The zinc hydroxide acts as the morphology-formative intermediate for the formation of ZnO nanorods. Upon excitation at 325nm, the sample prepared at 180°C show several emission bands at 400nm (∼3.10eV), 420nm (∼2.95eV), 482nm (∼2.57eV) and 524nm (∼2.36eV) corresponding to different kind of defects. TL studies were carried out by pre-irradiating samples with γ-rays ranging from 1 to 7kGy at room temperature. A well resolved glow peak at ∼354°C was recorded which can be ascribed to deep traps. Furthermore, the defects associated with surface states in ZnO nano-structures are characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance.
Cobalt doped Copper Tartrate (CoCT) crystals were grown in silica gel medium using single diffusion methods at room temperature, passing semiconductor laser and passing various UV visible radiation. ...The optimum conditions were obtained by varying parameters such as gel concentration, pH of gel, gel setting time, the concentration of reactance. The presence of cobalt, copper, carbon, and oxygen is confirmed by the Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The crystals obtained, are regular or elongated shaped depending on the growth and environmental conditions. The grown crystals are characterized by FTIR and PXRD. TGA studies explain the thermal behavior of the grown CoCT crystal. UV-Vis-NIR transmission spectroscopic analysis measured the energy gap and, to study the optical transparency of the grown crystals.
Abstract
Cobalt doped Copper Tartrate (CoCT) crystals were grown in silica gel medium using single diffusion methods at room temperature, passing semiconductor laser and passing various UV visible ...radiation. The optimum conditions were obtained by varying parameters such as gel concentration, pH of gel, gel setting time, the concentration of reactance. The presence of cobalt, copper, carbon, and oxygen is confirmed by the Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The crystals obtained, are regular or elongated shaped depending on the growth and environmental conditions. The grown crystals are characterized by FTIR and PXRD. TGA studies explain the thermal behavior of the grown CoCT crystal. UV-Vis-NIR transmission spectroscopic analysis measured the energy gap and, to study the optical transparency of the grown crystals.
PPD RT23 for tuberculin surveys in India Chadha, V K; Jagannatha, P S; Vaidyanathan, P S ...
The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease,
02/2003, Letnik:
7, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Tuberculosis sanatoria and villages in Bangalore district.
To study the appropriateness of continuing to use 1TU dilutions prepared by the BCG Laboratory, Guindy, in Chennai, India, from a ...freeze-dried form of PPD RT23 with Tween 80 received from Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, for tuberculin surveys in India.
The responses to dual tuberculin tests were compared among: 1) 63 smear-positive cases using 2TU PPD prepared by the Guindy laboratory (Dilution-G), and 2TU PPD prepared by the SSI (Dilution-S); 2) 124 smear-positive cases using 1TU and 2TU Dilution-G; and 3) 1,338 apparently healthy children using 1TU and 2TU Dilution-G. Test sites were allocated randomly using the double-blind technique. Tuberculin responses obtained during studies conducted in India and in other countries were compared.
The differences in sensitivity of tuberculin testing using the different preparations were found to be small and statistically non-significant. Among children, a higher proportion of reaction sizes in 10-14 mm and 15 + mm categories was observed to 2TU compared to 1TU of Dilution-G. This could reflect lower specificity of 2TU in the study area where non-specific sensitivity is highly prevalent. Studies in India and other countries do not suggest any loss in potency of 1TU PPD RT23 with Tween 80.
1TU dilutions of PPD RT23 with Tween 80 provided by the BCG Laboratory, Guindy, may continue to be used for tuberculin surveys in India.
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