The timescales of capital investments, and therefore the turnover dynamics of capital stock, have limited representation in macroeconomic modelling. This hinders analysis of the economic inertia ...produced by these timescales, which is particularly important in the context of a rapid net zero transition in which vast quantities of long-lived investments may need to be prematurely abandoned. We set out to determine the minimum model that is required to accurately represent the turnover dynamics of fixed capital. We develop a quantitative framework for estimating the turnover time of fixed capital assets in the US economy, and derive the annual distribution of both total fixed capital stock and new investments across timescales. We find that these can be effectively aggregated into three major timescale components which can be easily incorporated into integrated assessment models.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulatory RNAs found in multicellular eukaryotes, including humans, where they are implicated in cancer. The
let-7 miRNA times seam cell terminal differentiation in
C. ...elegans. Here we show that the
let-7 family negatively regulates
let-60/RAS. Loss of
let-60/RAS suppresses
let-7, and the
let-60/RAS 3′UTR contains multiple
let-7 complementary sites (LCSs), restricting reporter gene expression in a
let-7-dependent manner.
mir-84, a
let-7 family member, is largely absent in vulval precursor cell P6.p at the time that
let-60/RAS specifies the 1° vulval fate in that cell, and
mir-84 overexpression suppresses the multivulva phenotype of activating
let-60/RAS mutations. The 3′UTRs of the human
RAS genes contain multiple LCSs, allowing
let-7 to regulate
RAS expression.
let-7 expression is lower in lung tumors than in normal lung tissue, while RAS protein is significantly higher in lung tumors, providing a possible mechanism for
let-7 in cancer.
This work reports on an oxyanion containing Sr–Fe–O perovskite-related layered oxide system related to the “0201–1201” type material Sr4.5Cr2.5O9. Using solid state synthesis, we successfully ...incorporate SO42− and CrO42− to give Sr4.5Fe2(S/Cr)0.5O9±δ, with X-ray and neutron diffraction used to analyse the structure of these materials. Neutron diffraction experiments combined with 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy show not only the successful oxyanion incorporation, but also that these systems have the ability to accommodate excess interstitial anions. The stabilisation of these new phases highlights the potential to synthesise new perovskite-related compounds using oxyanion doping.
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•Synthesis of new perovskite related intergrowth phases Sr4.5Fe2(S/Cr)0.5O9±δ.•Oxyanion (sulfate and chromate) incorporation is key to allowing the formation of these phases.•Neutron diffraction studies indicate incorporation of oxygen interstitials into “0201” type layers.
ABSTRACT
We present an overview and description of the e-MERGE Survey (e-MERLIN Galaxy Evolution Survey) Data Release 1 (DR1), a large program of high-resolution 1.5-GHz radio observations of the ...GOODS-N field comprising ∼140 h of observations with enhanced-Multi-Element Remotely Linked Interferometer Network (e-MERLIN) and ∼40 h with the Very Large Array (VLA). We combine the long baselines of e-MERLIN (providing high angular resolution) with the relatively closely packed antennas of the VLA (providing excellent surface brightness sensitivity) to produce a deep 1.5-GHz radio survey with the sensitivity (${\sim}1.5\, \mu$ Jy beam−1), angular resolution (0.2–0.7 arcsec) and field-of-view (∼15 × 15 arcmin2) to detect and spatially resolve star-forming galaxies and active galactic nucleus (AGN) at $z$ ≳ 1. The goal of e-MERGE is to provide new constraints on the deep, sub-arcsecond radio sky which will be surveyed by SKA1-mid. In this initial publication, we discuss our data analysis techniques, including steps taken to model in-beam source variability over an ∼20-yr baseline and the development of new point spread function/primary beam models to seamlessly merge e-MERLIN and VLA data in the uv plane. We present early science results, including measurements of the luminosities and/or linear sizes of ∼500 galaxies selected at 1.5 GHz. In combination with deep Hubble Space Telescope observations, we measure a mean radio-to-optical size ratio of re-MERGE/rHST ∼ 1.02 ± 0.03, suggesting that in most high-redshift galaxies, the ∼GHz continuum emission traces the stellar light seen in optical imaging. This is the first in a series of papers that will explore the ∼kpc-scale radio properties of star-forming galaxies and AGN in the GOODS-N field observed by e-MERGE DR1.
We investigate potential gains in cosmological constraints from the combination of galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing by optimizing the lens galaxy sample selection using information from ...Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year 3 data and assuming the DES Year 1 metacalibration sample for the sources. We explore easily reproducible selections based on magnitude cuts in i-band as a function of (photometric) redshift, zphot, and benchmark the potential gains against those using the well-established redMaGiC E. Rozo et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 461, 1431 (2016) sample. We focus on the balance between density and photometric redshift accuracy, while marginalizing over a realistic set of cosmological and systematic parameters. Our optimal selection, the MagLim sample, satisfies i < 4zphot + 18 and has ∼ 30% wider redshift distributions but ∼ 3.5 times more galaxies than redMaGiC. Assuming a w CDM model (i.e. with a free parameter for the dark energy equation of state) and equivalent scale cuts to mitigate nonlinear effects, this leads to 40% increase in the figure of merit for the pair combinations of Ωm, w, and σ8, and gains of 16% in σ8, 10% in Ωm, and 12% in w. Similarly, in Λ CDM, we find an improvement of 19% and 27% on σ8 and Ωm, respectively. We also explore flux-limited samples with a flat magnitude cut finding that the optimal selection, i < 22.2, has ∼ 7 times more galaxies and ∼ 20% wider redshift distributions compared to MagLim, but slightly worse constraints. We show that our results are robust with respect to the assumed galaxy bias and photometric redshift uncertainties with only moderate further gains from increased number of tomographic bins or the inclusion of bin cross-correlations, except in the case of the flux-limited sample, for which these gains are more significant.
The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-18, the latest spacecraft from the NOAA GOES-R satellite series, was launched March 1, 2022. As with the previous GOES-16 and GOES-17 ...satellites, GOES-18 monitors sources of space weather on the Sun and its effects at Earth. NOAA uses GOES data as part of the national space weather forecasts, warnings and alerts to many customers. GOES-18 hosts new magnetometers called the Goddard magnetometers (GMAG) that replace those (called MAG) built by a different vendor on GOES-16 and GOES-17. Like the other GOES satellites, the GOES-18 GMAG provides observations of the geomagnetic field at geostationary orbit (35,786 km), a location that often provides early indication of enhanced space weather activity. In this paper, we review the capabilities of the GOES-18 GMAG along with lessons learned from the GOES-16/17 MAGs. The GOES-R series magnetometer instrument includes two magnetometer sensors (inboard and outboard) mounted along a boom extended from the spacecraft. As with the previous magnetometers, the GMAG sensors are three-axis fluxgates sampling the geomagnetic field at 10 samples/second, with the data low-pass filtered with a 2.5 Hz cutoff. On-orbit analysis demonstrates that the GOES-18 GMAG is a highly stable instrument showing little variations between the inboard and outboard sensors either diurnally or over multiple days. A nearly 2.5 months collocation between GOES-18 and GOES-17 (136.8°W and 137.2°W) allowed direct cross-satellite comparisons that was unprecedented for GOES satellites. Differences between the on orbit performance of the GMAG and MAG sensors are attributed to thermal stability issues observed on the GOES-17 MAG (also observed on the GOES-16 MAG). The cross-satellite analysis during the collocation interval, along with inboard/outboard sensor comparisons and comparisons to models, suggests that the GOES-18 GMAG meets the NOAA mission requirement of
±
1
nT accuracy, excluding arcjet firing periods. Arcjet firing periods were also excluded in performance analysis for GOES-16/17.
There may be a relationship between hypoxia and inflammation, which is important in the outcomes of a wide array of human diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one such disease. There is evidence that ...hypoxia may influence inflammation in MS. We showed previously that about 40% of participants with MS had hypoxia in the cortical grey matter using frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (fdNIRS). In this study, we aimed to determine if hypoxia in MS persists chronically (for a year or more) by measuring at baseline and ≥12 months later. We found that hypoxia persists for at least a year in 80% of participants with MS. As more individuals remained hypoxic than returned to normoxia, the development of hypoxia may relate to disease progression.
We present the discovery of three new transiting giant planets, first detected with the WASP telescopes, and establish their planetary nature with follow up spectroscopy and ground-based photometric ...light curves. WASP-92 is an F7 star, with a moderately inflated planet orbiting with a period of 2.17 d, which has R sub( p) = 1.461 plus or minus 0.077R sub( J) and M sub( p) = 0.805 plus or minus 0.068M sub( J). WASP-93b orbits its F4 host star every 2.73 d and has R sub( p) = 1.597 plus or minus 0.077R sub( J) and M sub( p) = 1.47 plus or minus 0.029M sub( J). WASP-118b also has a hot host star (F6) and is moderately inflated, where R sub( p) = 1.440 plus or minus 0.036R sub( J) and M sub( p) = 0.514 plus or minus 0.020M sub( J) and the planet has an orbital period of 4.05 d. They are bright targets (V = 13.18, 10.97 and 11.07, respectively) ideal for further characterization work, particularly WASP-118b, which is being observed by K2 as part of campaign 8. The WASP-93 system has sufficient angular momentum to be tidally migrating outwards if the system is near spin-orbit alignment, which is divergent from the tidal behaviour of the majority of hot Jupiters discovered.
Ketosis-prone diabetes (KPD) is a phenotypically defined form of diabetes characterized by male predominance and severe insulin deficiency. Neurogenin3 (NGN3) is a proendocrine gene, which is ...essential for the fate of pancreatic β cells. Mice lacking ngn3 develop early insulin-deficient diabetes. Thus, we hypothesized that gender and variants in NGN3 could predispose to KPD. We have studied clinical and metabolic parameters according to gender in patients with KPD (n = 152) and common type 2 diabetes (T2DM) (n = 167). We have sequenced NGN3 in KPD patients and screened gene variants in T2DM and controls (n = 232). In KPD, male gender was associated with a more pronounced decrease in β-cell insulin secretory reserve, assessed by fasting C-peptide mean (ng/ml) ± s.d., M: 1.1 ± 0.6, F: 1.5 ± 0.9; p = 0.02 and glucagon-stimulated C-peptide mean (ng/ml) ± s.d., M: 2.2 ± 1.1, F: 3.1 ± 1.7; p = 0.03. The rare affected females were in an anovulatory state. We found two new variants in the promoter -3812T/C (af: 2%) and -3642T/C (af: 1%), two new coding variants S171T (af: 1%) and A185S (af: 1%) and the variant already described S199F (af: 69%). These variants were not associated with diabetes. Clinical investigation revealed an association between 199F and hyperglycaemia assessed by glycated haemoglobin HbA1c (%, ±s.d.) S199: 12.6 ± 1.6, S199F: 12.4 ± 1.4 and 199F: 14.1 ± 2.2; p = 0.01. In vitro, the P171T, A185S and S199F variants did not reveal major functional alteration in the activation of NGN3 target genes. In conclusion, male gender, anovulatory state in females and NGN3 variations may influence the pathogenesis of KPD in West Africans. This has therapeutic implications for potential tailored pharmacological intervention in this population.
We present submillimetre (submm) and mid-infrared (MIR) imaging observations of five fields centred on quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) at 1.7< z<2.8. All five QSOs were detected previously at submm ...wavelengths. At 850 (450) m, we detect 17 (11) submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) in addition to the QSOs. The total area mapped at 850 m is arcmin2 down to rms noise levels of 1–2 mJy beam−1, depending on the field. Integral number counts are computed from the 850-m data using the same analytical techniques adopted by ‘blank-field’ submm surveys. We find that the ‘QSO-field’ counts show a clear excess over the blank-field counts at deboosted flux densities of mJy; at higher flux densities, the counts are consistent with the blank-field counts. Robust MIR counterparts are identified for all four submm detected QSOs and per cent of the SMGs. The MIR colours of the QSOs are similar to those of the local ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG)/active galactic nuclei (AGN) Mrk 231 if placed at 1< z<3 whilst most of the SMGs have colours very similar to those of the local ULIRG Arp 220 at 1< z<3. MIR diagnostics therefore find no strong evidence that the SMGs host buried AGN although we cannot rule out such a possibility. Taken together our results suggest that the QSOs sit in regions of the early universe which are undergoing an enhanced level of major star formation activity, and should evolve to become similarly dense regions containing massive galaxies at the present epoch. Finally, we find evidence that the level of star formation activity in individual galaxies appears to be lower around the QSOs than it is around more powerful radio-loud AGN at higher redshifts.
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