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The nucleosome assembly protein 1 (NAP1) family is the main histone chaperone of histone H2A–H2B. To explore the function of NAP1 family genes in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), characterized by ... extremely rapid growth and a long flowering cycle, we originally conducted a genome-wide analysis of the PheNAP1 gene. The phylogenetic relationship, gene expression pattern, DNA methylation, and histone modification were analyzed. Eventually, 12 PheNAP1 genes were recognized from the Phyllostachys edulis genome, divided into two sorts: the NRP subfamily (four members) and the NAP subfamily (eight members). Highly conserved motifs exist in each subfamily, which are distinct between subfamilies. PheNAP1 was distributed homogeneously on 10 out of 24 chromosomes, and gene duplication contributed significantly to the enhancement of the PheNAP1 gene in the genome. Cis-acting element analysis showed that PheNAP1 family genes are involved in light, hormone, and abiotic stress responses and may play an important role in the rapid growth and flowering. PheNAP1 exhibited the highest expression level in fast-growing shoots, indicating it is closely associated with the rapid growth of moso bamboo. Besides, PheNAP1 can rescue the early-flowering phenotype of nrp1-1 nrp2-2, and it affected the expression of genes related to the flowering pathway, like BSU1, suggesting the vital role that PheNAP1 may take in the flowering process of moso bamboo. In addition, histone modification results showed that PheNAP1 could bind to phosphorylation-, acetylation-, and methylation-modified histones to further regulate gene expression. A sketch appears: that PheNAP1 can accompany histones to regulate fast-growth- and flowering-related genes in moso bamboo. The consequences of this study enrich the understanding of the epigenetic regulation mechanism of bamboo plants and lays a foundation for further studies on the role of the NAP1 gene in Phyllostachys edulis and the function of chromatin regulation in forest growth and development. več

ABSTRACT Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants among monocotyledonous species and is grown extensively in subtropical regions. Although bamboo has high economic value and produces much biomass ... quickly, gene functional research is hindered by the low efficiency of genetic transformation in this species. We therefore explored the potential of a bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV)‐mediated expression system to investigate genotype–phenotype associations. We determined that the sites between the triple gene block proteins (TGBps) and the coat protein (CP) of BaMV are the most efficient insertion sites for the expression of exogenous genes in both monopodial and sympodial bamboo species. Moreover, we validated this system by individually overexpressing the two endogenous genes ACE1 and DEC1, which resulted in the promotion and suppression of internode elongation, respectively. In particular, this system was able to drive the expression of three 2A‐linked betalain biosynthesis genes (more than 4 kb in length) to produce betalain, indicating that it has high cargo capacity and may provide the prerequisite basis for the development of a DNA‐free bamboo genome editing platform in the future. Since BaMV can infect multiple bamboo species, we anticipate that the system described in this study will greatly contribute to gene function research and further promote the molecular breeding of bamboo. Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) shows high cargo capacity and this virus‐mediated expression system could be used to investigate genotype–phenotype associations in monopodial and sympodial bamboo. več

Compression wood (CW) in gymnosperm brings great difficulties to wood industry using wood as raw materials since CW presents special wood structure and have different physical and chemical properties ... from those of normal wood (NW). Chinese fir ( ) is widely distributed in China. However, global transcriptome profiling of coding and long non-coding RNA in response to compression stress has not been reported in the gymnosperm species. In this study, we revealed that CW in Chinese fir exhibited distinct morphology and cytology properties compared with those of NW, including high lignin content, thick and round tracheid cells. Furthermore, we combined both PacBio long-read SMRT sequencing (Iso-Seq) and Illumina short-read RNA-Seq to reveal the transcriptome in stem-differentiating xylem (SDX) under different time points (2, 26, and 74 h) upon compression stress in NW, CW, and OW (opposite wood), respectively. Iso-Seq was successfully assembled into 41,253 full-length transcriptome reference (average length 2,245 bp). Moreover, there were striking differences in expression upon compression stress, which were involved 13 and 7 key enzyme genes in the lignin and cellulose synthesis, respectively. Especially, we revealed 11 secondary growth-related transcription factors show differential expression under compression stress, which was further validated by qRT-PCR. Finally, the correlation between 6,533 differentially expressed coding genes and 372 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) indicates that these lncRNAs may affect cell wall biogenesis and xyloglucan metabolism. In conclusion, our results provided comprehensive cytology properties and full-length transcriptome profiling of wood species upon compression stress. Especially we explored candidate genes, including both coding and long non-coding genes, and provided a theoretical basis for further research on the formation mechanism of CW in gymnosperm Chinese fir. več

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are endogenous non-coding RNAs with covalently closed structures, which have important functions in plants. However, their biogenesis, degradation, and function upon ... treatment with gibberellins (GAs) and auxins (1-Naphthaleneacetic acid, NAA) remain unknown. Here, we systematically identified and characterized expression patterns, evolutionary conservation, genomic features, and internal structures of circRNAs using RNase R-treated libraries from moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) seedlings. Moreover, we investigated the biogenesis of circRNAs dependent on both cis- and trans-regulation. We explored the function of circRNAs, including their roles in regulating microRNA-related genes and modulating the alternative splicing of their linear counterparts. Importantly, we developed a customized degradome sequencing approach to detect microRNA-mediated cleavage of circRNAs. Finally, we presented a comprehensive view of the participation of circRNAs in the regulation of hormone metabolism upon treatment of bamboo seedlings with GA and NAA. Collectively, our study gives insights into biogenesis, function, and microRNA-mediated degradation of circRNAs in moso bamboo. več

Understanding gene expression and regulation requires insights into RNA transcription, processing, modification, and translation. However, the relationship between the epitranscriptome and the ... proteome under drought stress remains undetermined in poplar (Populus trichocarpa). In this study, we used Nanopore direct RNA sequencing and tandem mass tag-based proteomic analysis to examine epitranscriptomic and proteomic regulation induced by drought treatment in stem-differentiating xylem (SDX). Our results revealed a decreased full-length read ratio under drought treatment and, especially, a decreased association between transcriptome and proteome changes in response to drought. Epitranscriptome analysis of cellulose- and lignin-related genes revealed an increased N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) ratio, which was accompanied by decreased RNA abundance and translation, under drought stress. Interestingly, usage of the distal poly(A) site increased during drought stress. Finally, we found that transcripts of highly expressed genes tend to have shorter poly(A) tail length (PAL), and drought stress increased the percentage of transcripts with long PAL. These findings provide insights into the interplay among m6A, polyadenylation, PAL, and translation under drought stress in P. trichocarpa SDX. več

河田鸡和艾维菌肉鸡的睾丸，经硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE-32离子交换柱层析，获得比活力为54．84U・rag～，纯化倍数为8．86的河田鸡睾丸N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAGase）制剂．艾维菌肉鸡睾丸NAGase经SephacryS-300凝胶过滤层析柱进一步纯化，获得比活力为171．50U・mg-1，纯化倍数为19．8倍的NAGase制剂．以对硝基苯-N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷（pNP-NAG）为底物，研究酶催化底物水解的反应动力学．结果表明：河田鸡和艾维菌肉鸡睾丸NAGase的最适pH分别为5．6、5．7，最适温度分别为55、50℃；NAGase分别在pH为3．0―9．2、4．0-9．2及温度为10-60、10-30℃下能保持稳定；NAGase酶促反应动力学均符合米氏双曲线方程，测得米氏常数（k）分别为0．223、0．319mmol・L-1，最大反应速度（k）分别为9．438、6．238μmol・L-1・min-1；NAGase催化pNP-NAG反应的活化能分别为85．74、73．47kJ・mol-1．著者文摘 N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase （NAGase） was purified partly from Hetian broiler and Avian broiler by ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatography on DEAE-32 and Avian broilers＇ NAGase was subsequently purified on Sephacry S-300. The specific activities of the enzymes were determined to be 54.84 and 171.50 U ・ mg-1 respectively. The optimum pH were found to be at 5.6 and 5.7, respectively. The optimum temperatures were 55 and 50℃. The enzymes from different sources were stable in the pH below 9.2. The enzyme purified from Hetian broiler was stabl

The record of paleo-environment in clayey aquitard pore water is much more effective relative to aquifer groundwater owing to the low permeability of clayey aquitard. Oxygen-18（18O）, deuterium（D）, ... and chemical patterns were determined in pore water samples extracted from two 500 m depth boreholes, G1 and G2, in western Bohai Bay, China. Shallow pore water samples（depth〈102 m） are saline water, with the TDS（total dissolved solids） of 3.69–30.75 g/L, and deeper ones（depth=102–500 m） are fresh water, with the TDS〈1 g/L. Content of major ions（i.e., Cl-, Na＋, K＋, Mg2＋, SO2-4, Ca2＋） is high in marine sediment pore water samples and gradually decrease towards to terrestrial sediment pore water, together with the Cl/Br and Sr/Ba ratios changing significantly in different sedimentary facies along the study profile, indicating that pore water may be paleo-sedimentary water and not replaced by modern water. δ18O profile and positive correlation between δ18O and Cl- of shallow saline pore water indicated diffusion as the main transport mechanism, and distinguished four transgressive layers since Late Quaternary（i.e., Holocene marine unit, two Late Pleistocene marine units and Middle Pleistocene marine unit）, further supporting the finding that pore water retained the feature of paleo-sedimentary water. Climate was identified as the main influence on the isotopic signature of aquitard pore water and four climate periods were determined by δ18O profile. več

The human glycoprotein, stanniocalcin 2 (STC2) plays multiple roles in several tumor types, however, its function and clinical significance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. In this ... study, we detected STC2 expression by quantitative real-time PCR and found STC2 was upregulated in HCC tissues, correlated with tumor size and multiplicity of HCC. Ectopic expression of STC2 markedly promoted HCC cell proliferation and colony formation, while silencing of endogenous STC2 resulted in a reduced cell growth by cell cycle delay in G0/G1 phase. Western blot analysis demonstrated that STC2 could regulate the expression of cyclin D1 and activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in a dominant-positive manner. Transwell chamber assay also indicated altered patterns of STC2 expression had an important effect on cell migration. Our findings suggest that STC2 functions as a potential oncoprotein in the development and progression of HCC as well as a promising molecular target for HCC therapy. več

The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of biochar on the diversity of bacteria and fungi in the rice root zone and to reveal the changes in soil microbial community structure in the ... root zone after biochar application to provide a scientific basis for the improvement of albic soil. Rice and corn stalk biochar were mixed with albic soil in a pot experiment. Soil samples were collected at the rice maturity stage, soil nutrients were determined, and genomic DNA was extracted. The library was established using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The abundance, diversity index, and community structure of the soil bacterial 16SrRNA gene V3 + V4 region and the fungal internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS1) region were analyzed using Illumina second-generation high-throughput sequencing technology on the MiSeq platform with related bioinformatics. The results revealed that the biochar increased the soil nutrient content of albic soil. The bacteria ACE indexes of treatments of rice straw biochar (SD) and corn straw biochar (SY) were increased by 3.10% and 2.06%, respectively, and the fungi ACE and Chao indices of SD were increased by 7.86% and 14.16%, respectively, compared to conventional control treatment with no biochar (SBCK). The numbers of bacterial and fungal operational taxonomic units (OUT) in SD and SY were increased, respectively, compared to that of SBCK. The relationship between soil bacteria and fungi in the biochar-treated groups was stronger than that in the SBCK. The bacterial and fungal populations were correlated with soil nutrients, which suggested that the impacts of biochar on the soil bacteria and fungi community were indirectly driven by alternation of soil nutrient characteristics. The addition of two types of biochar altered the soil microbial community structure and the effect of rice straw biochar treatment on SD was more pronounced. This study aimed to provide a reference and basic understanding for albic soil improvement by biochar, with good application prospects. več