Climate change accelerates the changes in the hydrological cycle, which increases or decreases the intensity and duration of the drought events. This study assesses the drought risk under future ...climatic projections by computing drought hazard and drought vulnerability at a sub-basin scale. A multivariate drought hazard index (MDHI) considers deficits in precipitation and streamflow to quantify droughts. MDHI was analyzed using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), and Streamflow Drought Index (SDI). Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT+) simulated hydrological variables under baseline and future SSP scenarios were used to estimate MDHI. Drought vulnerability assessment is estimated by combining exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity indicators. The results show that the Drought Hazard Index (DHI) are likely to decrease in future climate change scenarios in comparison with the baseline. The Drought Vulnerability Index (DVI) reveals more than 50% of the basin falls under the high and very high vulnerable category. Based on the drought risk assessment, during the baseline period 48.82%, and 15.25% of the total basin area fall under high and very high drought risk. In the case of the future SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios, the high drought risk area gets reduced extensively with 15.09% and 1.02% respectively. The drought risk will be lower for future scenarios compared to baseline. This study aids the policymakers and water managers in prioritizing the projects on a sub-basin level to solve drought risk in future climatic conditions.
► ANAMMOX process was started up and stabilized in AnMBR from anaerobic seed. ► It was initiated in batch mode with effluent recirculation, semi continuous, and continuous process. ► AnMBR was ...operated at NLR from 0.025 to 5kg Amm-N as N/m3/d with 1–3d HRT. ► ANAMMOX activity confirmed by nitrogen and organic levels with SEM images.
ANaerobic AMMonium OXidation (ANAMMOX) process, an advanced biological nitrogen removal alternative to traditional nitrification – denitrification removes ammonia using nitrite as the electron acceptor without oxygen. The feasibility of enriching anammox bacteria from anaerobic seed culture to start up an Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for N-removal is reported in this paper. The Anammox activity was established in the AnMBR with anaerobic digester seed culture from a Sewage Treatment Plant in batch mode with recirculation followed by semi continuous process and continuous modes of operation. The AnMBR performance under varying Nitrogen Loading Rates (NLR) and HRTs is reported for a year, in terms of nitrogen transformations to ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate along with hydrazine and hydroxylamine. Interestingly ANAMMOX process was evident from simultaneous Amm-N and nitrite reduction, consistent nitrate production, hydrazine and hydroxylamine presence, notable organic load reduction and bicarbonate consumption.
The optimal number of axillary nodes to be resected is controversial. This large series investigated the effect of surgery with or without adjuvant radiotherapy among node-negative breast cancer ...patients in relation to the number of nodes examined.
Node-negative patients from the Saskatchewan registry of 1981-1995 were studied. Because nodal status may be more reliable with more number of nodes examined, we analyzed T1-2 age < 90 patients with < 10 nodes examined treated with surgery alone (Group A_S, n = 509) vs. surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy (Group A_S+R, n = 342); and T1-2 age < 90 patients with > or = 10 nodes examined treated with surgery alone (Group B_S, n = 902) vs. surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy (Group B_S+R, n = 596).
For the two radiotherapy groups, patients with < 10 nodes (Group A_S+R) vs. > or = 10 nodes (Group B_S+R), there was no difference in overall survival (p = 0.14). In the two nonradiotherapy groups (A_S and B_S), there is a statistically significant decrease in overall survival for patients with < 10 nodes removed (p < 0.001, log-rank test). The optimal number of axillary nodes examined could be 8 nodes with adjuvant radiotherapy (p = 0.05, logrank test) and 12 nodes without adjuvant radiotherapy (p = 0.02, log-rank test).
The poorer prognosis of a lesser number of nodes resected was overcome partly by the use of radiotherapy, raising the possibility of micrometastases in lymph nodes not removed. The optimal number of axillary nodes examined could be 8 nodes with adjuvant radiotherapy and 12 nodes without adjuvant radiotherapy.
A case series of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is reported here and illustrates some of the current controversies in clinical management of this disease. From 1988-2007, 145 cases (74 men and 71 women) ...were analyzed. These were combined with other cases in the literature, hence the total number of patients was 433. Nodal metastases occurred clinically at presentation in 9/105 (9%) patients with primary tumor size <1 cm. The rate of nodal metastases is too high to obviate sentinel node biopsies even for these small tumors. For the 87 patients with intermediate tumor size (>1 - <2 cm), nodal metastases occurred clinically in 11 of 87 patients (13%) at presentation and 23 of 87 patients (26%) during follow-up. Distant metastases occurred in 20 of 87 patients (23%) only at follow-up. The risks of nodal and distant failures for tumors of intermediate sizes were sufficient to be classified as high-risk for clinical study purposes.
Petroleum storage and refining leads to the generation of undesirable hazardous oily sludge waste stream in considerable quantities. Oily sludge was subjected to hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), in ...an effort to remediate hazardous waste and enhance resource recovery. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance were used to determine hydrocarbon fingerprints for degradation, reaction pathways and mechanism analysis. The accumulation and transformation of heavy metals from the mobile, unstable, acid extractable and reducible fractions to immobilized relatively stable fraction was analyzed by European Communities Bureau of Reference technique. Linear alkanes with methyl substitutions such as pentadecane and hexadecane increased to 70 % at 250 °C with increasing reaction severities due to condensation and polymerization reactions. 95 % of carbons in the final hydrochar fall in the C7-C20 size range. The bioavailability, ecological risk and toxicity of hydrochar decreased significantly due to heavy metal immobilization and reached low potential risk category. Hydrothermal liquor (HTL) was found to contain various valuable chemical species and degradation products including diethyl phthalate and benzene dicarboxylic acid. The results indicate the suitability of HTC for metals immobilization, resource optimization and hydrocarbon recovery.
Primary Bone Lymphomas (PBLs) are uncommon. Most of these tumours are Non Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) with Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) being the most common. Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma ...(ALCL) constitutes approximately 2% of all NHL and involves both nodal and extra nodal sites. ALCL presenting as exclusive and extensive bone involvement is rare. We report a case of 31-year-old man who presented with osseous involvement only. Imaging showed multiple lytic lesions involving the vertebral column, ribs and sternum. Clinical differential diagnosis included osteomyelitis and bone neoplasms. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the lytic lesion proved it to be Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK-1) positive ALCL. The patient relapsed three months after completion of six cycles of combination chemotherapy with Cyclophosphamide, Hydroxydaunorubicin, Vincristine and Prednisone (CHOP).
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•In situ combined SHARON-ANAMMOX processes for ammoniacal nitrogen removal in LFBR.•Nitrogen variation, NH2OH, NH2NH2 proved AOB-AnAOB activities in SHARON-ANAMMOX LFBR.•Molecular ...analysis revealed AOB & ANAMMOX bacteria in SHARON-ANAMMOX processes.•Higher total and ammoniacal nitrogen removal in SHARON-ANAMMOX than Control LFBR.•Nitrogen balance demonstrated SHARON-ANAMMOX LFBR are advantageous than Control LFBR.
Stabilisation of ammoniacal nitrogen from solid waste and leachate significantly improved by combining novel processes like SHARON (single reactor system for high activity ammonia removal over nitrite) and ANAMMOX (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) with advantages of lower carbon requirements, aeration and N2O emissions. This paper deals with establishing combined SHARON-ANAMMOX processes in situ pilot-scale landfill bioreactors (LFBR). Molecular analysis in LFBR with changes in nitrogen, hydrazine, hydroxylamine confirmed aerobic and anaerobic ammonium oxidising bacteria (AOB & ANAMMOX) as key players in SHARON-ANAMMOX processes. In situ SHARON-ANAMMOX process was established in LFBR with total nitrogen and ammoniacal nitrogen removal efficiency of 84% and 71%, respectively at NLR of 1.2 kgN/m3/d in 147 d, compared to ammoniacal nitrogen removal of 49% at NLR of 1.0 kgNH4-N/m3/d in 336 d feasible in Control LFBR. Nitrogen massbalance demonstrated in situ SHARON-ANAMMOX advantageous than control LFBR with higher nitrogen transformation to N2 (50.8%) and lower residual nitrogen in solid waste (7.7%).
Furamidine is an effective antimicrobial agent; however, oral potency of furamidine is poor. A prodrug of furamidine, 2,5-bis(4-amidinophenyl)furan-bis-O-methylamidoxime (DB289), has greatly improved ...oral potency. DB289 is transformed to furamidine via O-demethylation, and N-dehydroxylation reactions with four intermediate metabolites formed. The O-demethylation reactions have been shown to be catalyzed by cytochrome P450. The enzymes catalyzing the reductive N-dehydroxylation reactions have not been determined. The objective of this study was to identify the enzymes that catalyze N-dehydroxylation of metabolites M1, a monoamidoxime, and M2, a diamidoxime, formed during generation of furamidine. M1 and M2 metabolism was investigated using human liver microsomes and human soluble cytochrome b5 and NAD cytochrome b5 reductase, expressed in Escherichia coli. Kinetics of M1 and M2 reduction by human liver microsomes exhibited high affinity and moderate capacity. Metabolism was significantly inhibited by antibodies to cytochrome b5 and b5 reductase and by chemical inhibitors of b5 reductase. The amidoximes were efficiently metabolized by liver mitochondria, which contain cytochrome b5/b5 reductase, but not by liver cytosol, which contains minimal amounts of these proteins. Expressed cytochrome b5/b5 reductase, in the absence of any other proteins, efficiently catalyzed reduction of both amidoximes. K(m) values were similar to those for microsomes, and V(max) values were 33- to 36-fold higher in the recombinant system compared with microsomes. Minimal activity was seen with cytochrome b5 or b5 reductase alone or with cytochrome P450 reductase alone or with cytochrome b5. These results indicate that cytochrome b5 and b5 reductase play a direct role in metabolic activation of DB289 to furamidine.
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