Globally, lignocellulosic biomass has great potential for industrial production of materials and products, but this resource must be used in an environmentally friendly, socially acceptable and ...sustainable manner. Wood and agricultural residues such as walnut shells as lignocellulosic biomass are one of the most affordable and important renewable resources in the world, which can partially replace fossil resources. The overall objective of the research is to provide background information that supports new applications of walnut shells in a biorefinery context and to increase the economic value of these non-wood forest products. This paper presents the properties characterization of liquefied biomass according to their chemical composition. All results were compared to liquefied wood. In this study, the liquefaction properties of five different walnut shell particle sizes were determined using glycerol as the liquefaction reagent under defined reaction conditions. The liquefied biomass was characterized for properties such as percentage residue, degree of liquefaction, and hydroxyl OH numbers. The chemical composition of the same biomass was investigated for its influence on the liquefaction properties. Accordingly, the main objective of this study was to determine the liquefaction properties of different particle sizes as a function of their chemical composition, also in comparison with the chemical composition of wood. The study revealed that walnut shell biomass can be effectively liquefied into glycerol using H2SO4 as the catalyst, with liquefaction efficiency ranging from 89.21 to 90.98%.
Increasing the production of hazardous waste during the past few years and stricter legislation in the area of permanent disposal and transportation costs were significantly elevated above ...activities. This creates a new, highly lucrative gray market which opens the way for the criminalization. Of great importance is the identification of illegal trafficking of hazardous waste since it can have a significant impact on human health and environmental pollution. Barriers to effective engagement to prevent these activities may vary from region to region, country to country, but together affect the ability of law enforcement authorities to ensure that international shipments of hazardous waste comply with national laws and maritime regulations. This paper will overview the legislation governing these issues, and to analyze the barriers to their implementation, but also try to answer the question of why and how this type of waste traded. Paper is an overview of how Croatia is prepared to join the European Union in this area and indicates the importance and necessity of the cooperation of all of society, and international organizations in the fight with the new trend of environmental crime.
Development of new technologies for the efficient use of proteins of animal origin, apart from heat treatment in rendering facilities that was used to date, has become the primary goal of the ...integral waste management system. The emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Europe and in the World in the 1990s opened up new questions regarding medical safety and use of meat bone meal in the animal feed, which is produced by processing animal waste. Animal waste is divided into three categories, out of which the first category is high-risk waste. Alkaline hydrolysis is alternative method for management of animal by-products not intended for human diet and imposes itself as one of the solutions for disposal of high-risk proteins. The paper will present the analyses of animal by-products not intended for human diet treated in laboratory reactor for alkaline hydrolysis, as one of the two recognized methods in EU for the disposal of this type of material and use in fertilization.
Spelt (Triticum spelta L.), also known as dinkel wheat, or hulled wheat is one of the oldest crops. It originates from Asia. In Europe spelt was very important cereal during the Bronze Age and the ...Middle Ages. After the processing grains for food, biomass lags as a by-product or waste. Rising fossil fuel prices and increasing concerns about climate change are creating a growing demand for new sources of raw material for biomass combustion for sustainable heat production. In recent years studies have shown the positive effects of the use of agricultural residues for energy production. Grains of Spelt are processed into various purposes, while the chaff, glumes and stems remain as a by-product. Therefore, it is important to carry out research in order to determine energy characteristics of chaff, glumes and stems. This paper examined the two Spelt varieties: BcVigor and Ostro. Collected and homogenized samples were analysed by the energy characteristics: high (HHV) and lower (LHV) heating values of chaff, glumes and stems were determined by standard methods. The results obtained in this research showed that, after the use of Spelt grain for food, chaff, glumes and stems are representing by-product but also it is a high-quality raw material for energy production because of its high calorific values: the upper heating value in BcVigor stem was 17.367 MJ/kg and 17.224 MJ/kg in the Ostro stem, 16.402 MJ/kg in the Ostro chaff and glumes and 16.650 MJ/kg in the BcVigor chaff and glumes.
The sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) is the most important oil plant in the Republic of Croatia for the production of edible oil from seeds. Subsequent to the oil production, the utilizable biomass ...of postharvest residues remains, being used for the production of solid biofuels, as well as the sunflower heads, which can be used as the ingredients for the production of animal feed. The aim of this study was to determine the physical and chemical properties of the sunflower head with seeds in order to be able to use the whole head in animal feed. The sunflower head, which usually has a diameter of 10 to 40 cm, contains 7% of protein, 16% of fiber, and 4% of oil subsequent to the separation of the seeds, while the sunflower seed contains 38 to 45% of oil and many unsaturated fatty acids, being a valuable source of vitamins. By processing the seeds after extraction, a protein-rich cake, or meal, is obtained, which is also a high-quality animal feed. Three sunflower hybrids were used for the study: Alexa SU , Driver CL , and Surimi CL . The results demonstrate that the Surimi CL hybrid has better physical properties due to a larger head diameter and weight. The Alexa SU hybrid had better chemical properties, as it had a higher starch content and a lower water content and therefore should not be thermically treated before use, while the Driver CL hybrid had the highest fat content and the lowest ash content (p<0,05).
Suncokret ( Helianthus annuus L.) je najvažnija uljarica u Republici Hrvatskoj za proizvodnju jestivoga ulja iz sjemenaka Nakon proizvodnje ulja ostaje korisna biomasa posliježetvenih ostataka, koja se koristi za proizvodnju čvrstih biogoriva, kao i glave suncokreta, koje se mogu koristiti kao sastojci u proizvodnji hrane za životinje. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je odrediti fizikalna i kemijska svojstva glave suncokreta sa sjemenkama kako bi se cijela glava mogla koristiti u hrani za životinje. Glava suncokreta, koja obično ima promjer između 10 i 40 cm, sadrži 7 % proteina, 16 % vlakana i 4 % ulja nakon odvajanja sjemenaka, dok sjemenke suncokreta sadrže 38 - 45 % ulja i mnogo nezasićenih masnih kiselina te su vrijedan izvor vitamina. Doradom sjemenaka nakon ekstrakcije dobiva se pogača ili sačma, koja je bogata proteinima i također je visokokvalitetna hrana za životinje. Za istraživanje su korištena tri hibrida suncokreta: Alexa SU , Driver CL i Surimi CL . Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da hibrid Surimi CL ima bolja fizikalna svojstva zbog većega promjera i težine glava. Hibrid Alexa SU je imao bolja kemijska svojstva jer je imao veći udio škroba i niži udio vode te se stoga ne treba termički obrađivati prije upotrebe, dok je hibrid Driver CL imao najveći udio masti i najmanji udio pepela (p<0,05).
Biootpad se prema direktivama EU i zakonskim propisima Republike Hrvatske definira kao biološki razgradiv otpad iz vrtova i parkova, hrana i kuhinjski otpad iz kućanstava, restorana, ugostiteljskih i ...maloprodajnih objekata uključujući i slični otpad iz proizvodnje prehrambenih proizvoda. Iako se pojam biootpada miješa s pojmom biorazgradivog otpada, oni se bitno razlikuju. Naime, biorazgradivi otpad obuhvaća šire područje te uključuje i razne druge vrste biološki razgradivoga otpada kao što je otpad iz šumarstva, otpadna gnojiva, papir, karton, tekstil i sl. Zakon o održivom gospodarenju otpadom (NN 94/13) propisuje ograničenja u vezi odlaganja biorazgradivoga komunalnoga otpada na odlagališta, pa tako i otpada od hrane, a Pravilnikom o načinima i uvjetima odlaganja otpada, kategorijama i uvjetima rada za odlagališta otpada (NN 117/07, 111/11, 17/13) zabranjen je prihvat komunalnoga otpada na odlagalište ukoliko mu masa biorazgradive komponente premašuje 35% od ukupne mase. Definirane su i obveze odvojenoga sakupljanja biootpada s ciljem njegovog kompostiranja, anaerobne digestije ili energetske oporabe uvođenjem Pravilnika o nusproizovdima i ukidanju statusa otpada (NN 117/14) kojim su otvorene mogućnosti u pogledu gospodarenja ovom posebnom kategorijom otpada sukladno najmodernijim tehnološkim i najnovijim zakonskim tekovinama EU. Smanjenje nastanka otpada od hrane zauzima značajno mjesto i u programima europskih institucija. Prema dokumentu Europske komisije The Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe do 2020. godine odlaganje otpada od hrane na razini EU trebalo bi biti smanjeno za polovicu. Rad donosi analizu pripremljenosti i rezultata koje je Republika Hrvatska ostvarila ili mora ostvariti u narednom periodu te pregled mogućnosti obrade otpada od hrane.
Cjelovit sustav gospodarenja otpadom temelji se na principu hijerarhijskog koncepta u kojem se na vrhu nalazi izbjegavanje otpada, potom slijedi vrednovanje, a tek na kraju odlaganje. Procjenjuje se ...kako tek vrlo mali udio od ukupnih količina otpada nastalog u RH tijekom jedne godine nađe put k oporabi. Sve se ostalo, mjereno milijunima tona godišnje, odlaže. Prema dosadašnjim referentnim istraživanjima, koja su navedena u radu, problem otpada je percipiran kao značajan.
Istraživanje je imalo za cilj doći do aktualnih saznanja o percepciji odvojenog prikupljanja otpada, a rezultati istraživanja te statistička obrada podataka prikazani su u radu. Rezultati su prikupljeni grupnim anketiranjem. Statističke metode korištene pri obradi podataka su deskriptivna statistika kao i metoda analitičke statistike. U obradi su primijenjene metode univarijatne (postoci) i bivarijatne analize (analiza varijance i t-test). Rezultati su pokazali da više od pola ispitanika od ukupnog uzorka razvrstava otpad u vlastitom kućanstvu, a oni koji ne razvrstavaju kao razlog većinom navode nepostojanje infrastrukture za odvojeno prikupljanje otpada u blizini mjesta stanovanja.
The collapse of the banking system, financial crisis and the fall of free economy only deepened the problems of energy and ecology crisis. However, since crises create also new opportunities, the ...process of recovery has also given rise to green economybased on green technologies. World of labor, human needs, natural resources and their interrelations are basic for green economy and echnologies. It is the question of quality and not quantity. It is the recovery of individuals, communities and ecosystems. Green economy and green technologies are not just a question of
environmental protection and energy security. They create new horizons making the economy like a sailing boat in the wind of eco-system, creating the harmony of nature and human needs. It is the answer to overall crises that went into full swing in 2009 and have lasted ever since. In this paper will be described system of green technologies and green economy in Croatia case study.
Green technologies include implementation of technological projects in the field of environmental protection through all associated components, such as: waters, soil, air or biodiversity. Hence, such ...projects potentially become a driving force of new economic momentum in the conditions of post-crisis recovery. In addition, the support of this segment by the institutions of the European Union, either in terms of organization through the establishment of rules and systems for monitoring and control of environmental protection measures, and most importantly in terms of finances, by supporting the development of infrastructure for environmental protection, is today an indisputable category. The aim of the research is to show the potential of green technologies in the initiation of economic activities based on content analysis of the collected literature, as well as to determine the correlation between green technologies and environmental protection and the measures for the reduction of the impact of energy sector on the greenhouse gas emissions.
Waste represents one of the key problems of the modern civilization; it is a result of the today way of life. By collecting bigger and bigger quantities of waste, people disturb the natural balance ...to a high extent; hence, one of the priorities in reducing the pollution of the environment is choosing the right approach to solving the waste problem. Inadequate waste management is the most serious ecological problem in the Republic of Croatia. The quantities of waste constantly grow, and the infrastructure responsible for waste disposal is insufficient. Neither does the waste management system function in full nor is the waste management legislation properly implemented. Both profession and science often wonder whether the amendments to the Waste Act will result in a better general state or will the problem become even more serious, as well as how smaller communities deal with this issue. The paper will present the planned waste management system in the Bjelovar-Bilogora County and an analysis of the set goals.
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