An 11‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate three different protein hydrolysates as feed ingredients in high‐plant‐protein diets for juvenile olive flounder. Five experimental diets were fed to ...juvenile olive flounder to examine the effect of three different protein hydrolysates on growth performance, innate immunity, and disease resistance against bacterial infection. A basal fishmeal (FM)‐based diet was regarded as a high‐FM diet (HFM) and a diet containing soy protein concentrate (SPC) as a substitute for 50% FM protein was considered as a low‐FM diet (LFM). Three other diets contained three different sources of protein hydrolysates, including shrimp, tilapia, and krill hydrolysates (designated as SH, TH, and KH), replacing 12% of FM protein. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Triplicate groups of fish (15.1 ± 0.1 g) were handfed one of the diets to apparent satiation twice daily for 11 wk and subsequently challenged against Edwardsiella tarda. Growth performance and feed utilization of fish fed hydrolysate‐supplemented diets were significantly improved compared to those of fish fed the LFM diet. Dietary inclusion of the protein hydrolysates significantly enhanced apparent digestibility of dry matter and protein of the diets. In the proximal intestine, histological alterations were observed in the fish fed the LFM diet. The fish fed the hydrolysate diets showed significantly longer mucosal fold and enterocytes and greater number of goblet cells compared to fish fed the LFM diet. Respiratory burst activity was significantly higher in fish fed the TH and KH diets than fish fed the LFM diet. Significantly higher immunoglobulin levels were found in fish fed SH and KH diets compared to those of fish fed the LFM diet. Dietary inclusion of the protein hydrolysates in SPC‐based diets exhibited the highest lysozyme activity. Significantly higher superoxide activity was observed in groups of fish fed the KH diet. Fish offered the protein hydrolysates were more resistant to bacterial infection caused by E. tarda. The results of this study suggest that the tested protein hydrolysates can be used as potential dietary supplements to improve growth performance and health status of juvenile olive flounder when they were fed a LFM diet.
To investigate the imaging characteristics of early and late recurrent breast cancer and the detectability of mammography, ultrasonography, and breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients who ...underwent breast-conservation therapy (BCT). Total of 1312 women with 2026 surveillance breast MRI after BCT between January 2014 and September 2018 were studied. Early recurrence was defined as newly diagnosed breast cancer and/or axillary metastasis within 12 months of surgery. Late recurrence was defined as recurrence after 12months of surgery. We assessed the detectability of recurrent lesions in each postoperative imaging modality and evaluated characteristics of recurrent lesions on postoperative MRI by comparing early and late recurrence groups. Of the 2026 cases, 103 were confirmed as recurrent breast cancer by biopsy or surgery. Thirty-one cases were early recurrence, and 72 cases were late recurrence. MRI showed significantly higher detectability for recurrent lesions (102 cases, 99%) than mammography (59.4%, p < 0.001) or ultrasound (68.9%, p < 0.001), or both mammography and ultrasound (81.6%, p < 0.001). The recurrent lesions did not have typical malignant morphologic features, but variable features on MRI. However, early recurrent lesions showed fast enhancement in early dynamic phase regardless of the kinetic pattern of delayed dynamic phase; and late recurrence lesions showed early fast enhancement and delayed washout pattern. There were 19 cases which were not detected on mammography or ultrasound but could only be detected with MRI. Postoperative breast MRI showed significantly higher detectability for recurrent lesions than mammography and ultrasound. Early fast enhancement is the most important feature of recurrent lesions on postoperative breast MRI for both early and late recurrence groups. Due to its high possibility of recurrence, further work-up should be considered regardless of their morphologic features.
Abstract
We present a versatile THz waveguide platform for frequencies between 0.1 THz and 1.5 THz, designed to exhibit vacuum-like dispersion and electric as well as magnetic field enhancement. ...While linear THz spectroscopy benefits from the extended interaction length in combination with moderate losses, nonlinear THz spectroscopy profits from the field enhancement and zero dispersion, with the associated reshaping-free propagation of broadband single- to few-cycle THz pulses. Moreover, the vacuum-like dispersion allows for velocity matching in mixed THz and visible to infrared pump-probe experiments. The platform is based on the motif of a metallic double ridged waveguide. We experimentally characterize essential waveguide properties, for instance, propagation and bending losses, but also demonstrate a junction and an interferometer, essentially because those elements are prerequisites for THz waveform synthesis, and hence, for coherently controlled linear and nonlinear THz interactions.
A 20‐week feeding trial was performed to evaluate the optimum level of animal and plant protein sources as substitutes of fishmeal (FM) in the diets of sub‐adult olive flounder (Paralichthys ...olivaceus) under farmed conditions. Groups of ninety fish averaging 478 ± 4.7 g (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into four treatments in triplicates. An FM‐based diet was used as control (CON) and three other diets replaced 20% (APP20), 30% (APP30) and 40% (APP40) of FM with animal (tankage meal and poultry by‐product meal) and plant (soy protein concentrate) protein sources. Weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were not significantly different among fish fed all the experimental diets (p > 0.05). The feed efficiency of fish fed the APP40 diet was significantly lower than those of fish fed the other experimental diets (p < 0.05). Non‐specific immune responses such as superoxide dismutase activity and lysozyme activity of fish fed all the experimental diets were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Intestinal villi length of fish fed the CON diet was significantly higher than those of fish fed the other diets (p < 0.05). Based on the results of growth performances and the non‐specific immune responses, the dietary combination of animal and plant protein sources could replace up to 40% of FM in sub‐adult olive flounder.
A long‐term feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the effect substituting dietary fishmeal with a mixture of plant and animal protein sources on growth, body composition and economic efficiency ...of young Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). A fishmeal‐based diet was designated the control (Con). Three among the other six diets, respectively, had 30%, 40% and 50% of its fishmeal replaced by a mixture of plant and animal protein sources (designated as FS30, FS40 and FS50 respectively), while the remaining three diets were FS30, FS40 and FS50 diets supplemented with L‐lysine and L‐methionine (FS30AA, FS40AA and FS50AA respectively). Three replicated groups of fish (initial body weight, 86 ± 1.9 g) were fed one of the seven diets for 30 weeks. By the end of the feeding trials, the survival rate of all experimental groups was over 92%. The final mean weight, weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor of fish were not significantly affected by dietary treatments. Incidence cost of FS50 diet was significantly lower than Con diet. FS50 and FS40AA diets exhibited significantly higher profit index than the Con diet. FS40AA and FS50 diets were the best economically, followed by FS40, FS50AA, FS30, FS30AA and Con diets. These results suggest that the dietary fishmeal could be substituted with a mixture of plant and animal protein up to 50% in the diet without a reduction in growth and feed utilization of young Korean rockfish. Taking account of economic efficiency, the FS50 diet is recommendable for young Korean rockfish farming.
In an eight-week feeding trial, encapsulated sodium butyrate (ESB), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAB), selenium-yeast (SeY), yeast extract nucleotides (YEN), yucca meal (YUM), song-gang stone (SGS) and ...protease (PRT) were evaluated as functional feed additives in a low fishmeal (FM) diet for olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Eight experimental diets were fed to 5.26 ± 0.17 g (mean ± SD) juvenile olive flounder in triplicates. A low-FM basal diet without feed additive was considered as control (CON); seven other diets were prepared by adding 4 g ESB, 158 mg GAB, 2 g SeY, 4 g YEN, 1.5 g YUM, 4 g SGS, and 175 mg PRT per kg of basal diet. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed diets YEN, GAB, and SGS were significantly higher than those of fish fed CON diet (P < .05). Superoxide dismutase activity of fish fed YEN and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) of fish fed YEN, GAB, SGS, ESB, and YUM were significantly higher than those of fish fed CON diet. Whereas, there were no significant differences in non-specific immune responses among fish fed YEN, GAB, SGS, ESB, and YUM and diets (P > .05). Heat shock protein 70 gene expression of fish fed YEN and SeY was significantly higher than those of fish fed the CON diet. Intestinal villi length of fish fed YEN, GAB, SGS, and ESB was significantly higher than those of fish fed CON. Also, intestinal trypsin activity of fish fed YEN, GAB, SGS, ESB, and PRT was significantly higher than those of fish fed CON diet (P < .05). After seven days of challenge test, fish fed diets YEN, GAB, SGS, PRT, and YUM had higher cumulative survival than those of fish fed CON diet. In conclusion, YEN, GAB, and SGS could have beneficial effects on growth and feed utilization performance, MPO and NBT activity, intestinal villi length, intestinal trypsin activity, and cumulative survival of olive flounder fed low-FM diets.
•Functional feed additives such as YEN, GAB, and SGS can enhance growth performance of olive flounder•YEN, GAB, and SGS improved intestinal villi length, trypsin activity, non-specific immune responses, and disease resistance•Selective functional feed additives (YEN, GAB, and SGS) can be considered cost-effective solutions in low fish meal diets
Purpose
To investigate relationships between intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) metrics of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast and prognostic factors.
Materials and Methods
This retrospective ...study included a total of 82 masses from 72 patients who underwent 3T breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion‐weighted imaging. IVIM metrics of tissue diffusivity (Dslow), pseudodiffusivity (Dfast), and perfusion fraction (Dpf) were measured using histogram analysis for whole lesion volumes. We evaluated relationships between IVIM metrics and prognostic factors or subtypes of invasive ductal carcinoma.
Results
The Dslow 50th, 75th, and 90th percentile metrics were reduced in the estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive group compared with the ER‐negative group (individually, P = 0.044, 0.024, 0.045). Additionally, the Dslow 75th percentile value was a significant differentiator of histologic grade, tumor subtype, and Ki‐67 grouping (individually, P = 0.024, 0.049, 0.016). The Dpf mean, 75th, 90th percentile, skewness, and kurtosis metrics were correlated with the size of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) component (individually, P = 0.034, 0.032, 0.027, 0.013, 0.013).
Conclusion
The Dslow metrics differentiated between ER‐positive and ‐negative groups, and the Dpf metrics were associated with the size of the DCIS component.
Level of Evidence: 4
J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1394–1406
Investigations were carried out to evaluate and quantify the effects of dietary supplementation with heat-killed (HK) Bacillus sp. SJ-10 (BSJ-10) probiotic (1 × 108 CFU g−1) on the growth and ...immunity of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Flounder (averagely 9.64 g) were divided into two groups, and fed control and HK BSJ-10 (HKBSJ-10)-inoculated diets for 8 weeks. Investigations were carried out on growth and feed utilizations, innate immunity, serum biochemical parameters, microvilli length, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene (tumor necrosis factor TNF-α, interleukin IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10) transcriptions. Compared to control, HKBSJ-10 diet significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced weight gain and protein efficiency ratio, 1.17 and 1.11 folds respectively. Humoral innate immune parameters, lysozyme and superoxide dismutase in treatment group were also elevated by 1.34 and 1.16 folds. Similarly, an increased (P < 0.05) relative expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 were recorded in liver (2.71, 3.38, and 4.12 folds respectively), and gill (2.08, 1.98, and 1.81 folds respectively) than that of controls. Moreover, after challenge with Streptococcus iniae (1 × 108 CFU mL−1), the HKBSJ-10-fed group exhibited significantly higher protection (P < 0.05) against streptococcosis compared to controls, validating the observed changes in immune parameters and induction on the cytokine-encoding genes. Therefore, HKBSJ-10 increases growth, modulates innate immune parameters, and protects olive flounders against streptococcosis.
•Heat killed Bacillus sp. SJ-10 (HKBSJ-10) positively improved growth and feed utilization in olive flounder.•HKBSJ-10 enhanced humoral innate immunity and pro-inflammatory cytokine transcriptions.•Administration of HKBSJ-10 could increase resistance against streptococcosis.
Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment is the leading factor in angiogenesis. Angiogenesis can be identified by dynamic contrast-enhanced breast MRI (DCE MRI). Here we investigate the relationship ...between perfusion parameters on DCE MRI and angiogenic and prognostic factors in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Perfusion parameters (Ktrans, kep and ve) of 81 IDC were obtained using histogram analysis. Twenty-fifth, 50th and 75th percentile values were calculated and were analyzed for association with microvessel density (MVD), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and conventional prognostic factors. Correlation between MVD and ve50 was positive (r = 0.33). Ktrans50 was higher in tumors larger than 2 cm than in tumors smaller than 2 cm. In multivariate analysis, Ktrans50 was affected by tumor size and MVD with 12.8% explanation. There was significant association between Ktrans50 and tumor size and MVD. Therefore we conclude that DCE MRI perfusion parameters are potential imaging biomarkers for prediction of tumor angiogenesis and aggressiveness.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate
Bacillus
sp. SJ-10, isolated from traditional Korean seafood, as a probiotic. Strain SJ-10 was demonstrated to be safe, on the basis of in vitro tests ...confirming the absence of cytotoxicity, hemolysis, and genes with toxigenic potential, and was susceptible to antibiotics. It met the probiotic prerequisites of a spore count that remained almost constant, acid and bile tolerance under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, and significant adhesion to Caco-2 cells. Moreover, SJ-10 demonstrated beneficial properties as a probiotic: broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, hydroxyl radical, antioxidant activity, production of functional enzymes such as
β
-galactosidase and phytase, and selective growth via
β
-glucan fermentation. The fish-feeding trial demonstrated that olive flounder fed diets containing SJ-10 alone or in combination with
β
-glucan exhibited significantly higher growth performance and pathogenic disease resistance compared with those fed diets containing
β
-glucan alone, indicating that SJ-10 diets exerted a beneficial effect as an antibiotic replacer in terms of growth performance and disease resistance in olive flounder.
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