A new spirostane, namely neohelicomyine B (1), together with six known steroids (2–7) were isolated from the fermentation of fungus Neohelicomyces hyalosporus. The structures of these compounds were ...elucidated by extensive analyses of spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR and HR‐ESI‐MS. The absolute configuration of 1 was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The bioactivities of compounds 1–7 were evaluated using cellular assays. Compound 1 displayed moderate cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells (hepatoma cells) with IC50 value of 8.4±2.1 μM. Compound 7 also exhibited cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cells with the IC50 value of 3.0±0.2 μM.
This study deals with an extensive taxonomic reevaluation focusing on phylogenetic relationships and morphological characterization of Tubeufiales, especially those helicosporous hyphomycetes which ...are difficult to identify. Based on evidence from DNA sequence data and morphology, we introduce 13 new genera in the family Tubeufiaceae,
viz. Acanthotubeufia
,
Dematiohelicoma
,
Dematiohelicomyces
,
Dematiohelicosporum
,
Dematiotubeufia
,
Helicoarctatus
,
Helicohyalinum
,
Helicotruncatum
,
Neochlamydotubeufia
,
Neohelicoma
,
Pleurohelicosporium
,
Pseudohelicomyces
and
Pseudohelicoon
; transfer
Chaetosphaerulina
from Dothideomycetes genera
incertae sedis
, and
Artocarpomyces
and
Helicodochium
from Ascomycetes genera
incertae sedis
into Tubeufiaceae; introduce 52 new species,
viz. Berkleasmium fusiforme
,
B. longisporum
,
Chlamydotubeufia cylindrica
,
Dematiohelicosporum guttulatum
,
Helicoarctatus aquaticus
,
Helicodochium aquaticum
,
Helicohyalinum infundibulum
,
Helicoma aquaticum
,
H. brunneisporum
,
H. cocois
,
H. rufum
,
H. fusiforme
,
H. longisporum
,
H. multiseptatum
,
H. rubriappendiculatum
,
H. septoconstrictum
,
H. tectonae
,
Helicomyces hyalosporus
,
Helicosporium aquaticum
,
H. flavisporum
,
H. setiferum
,
H. vesicarium
,
H. viridiflavum
,
Neochlamydotubeufia fusiformis
,
Neohelicomyces hyalosporus
,
Neohelicosporium acrogenisporum
,
N. astrictum
,
N. ellipsoideum
,
N. irregulare
,
N. krabiense
,
N. laxisporum
,
N. ovoideum
,
Pleurohelicosporium parvisporum
,
Pseudohelicomyces aquaticus
,
P. hyalosporus
,
Tubeufia abundata
,
T. bambusicola
,
T. brevis
,
T. brunnea
,
T. chlamydospora
,
T. dictyospora
,
T. eccentrica
,
T. fangchengensis
,
T. hechiensis
,
T. inaequalis
,
T. krabiensis
,
T. rubra
,
T. sessilis
,
T. sympodihylospora
,
T. sympodilaxispora
,
T. taiwanensis
and
T. tratensis
; provide 43 new combinations,
viz. Acanthohelicospora guianensis
,
Acanthotubeufia filiforme
,
Berkleasmium aquatica
,
B. guangxiense
,
B. latisporum
,
B. thailandicum
,
Dematiohelicoma perelegans
,
D. pulchrum
,
Dematiohelicomyces helicosporus
,
Dematiotubeufia chiangraiensis
,
Helicohyalinum aquaticum
,
Helicoma elinorae
,
H. gigasporum
,
H. hongkongense
,
H. linderi
,
H. nematosporum
,
H. pannosum
,
H. serpentinum
,
Helicomyces chiayiensis
,
Helicotruncatum palmigenum
,
Neochlamydotubeufia khunkornensis
,
Neohelicoma fagacearum
,
Neohelicomyces pallidus
,
Neohelicosporium abuense
,
N. aurantiellum
,
N. griseum
,
N. morganii
,
N. myrtacearum
,
N. nizamabadense
,
N. sympodiophorum
,
N. taiwanense
,
N. vesiculiferum
,
Pseudohelicomyces indicus
,
P. paludosus
,
P. talbotii
,
Pseudohelicoon gigantisporum
,
P. subglobosum
,
Tubeufia dentophora
,
T. geniculata
,
T. lilliputea
,
T. machaerinae
,
T. sympodiophora
and
T. xylophila
; introduce 16 new records,
viz. Dictyospora thailandica
,
Helicomyces colligatus
,
H. torquatus
,
Neohelicosporium guangxiense
,
N. hyalosporum
,
N. parvisporum
,
Thaxteriellopsis lignicola
,
Tubeufia aquatica
,
T. chiangmaiensis
,
T. cylindrothecia
,
T. filiformis
,
T. guangxiensis
,
T. laxispora
,
T. parvispora
,
T. roseohelicospora
and
T. tectonae
. The taxonomy of
Helicoma
,
Helicomyces
and
Helicosporium
is revisited based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological evidence.
Neorhamphoria
is transferred to Bezerromycetaceae. Three species are excluded from the genus
Chlamydotubeufia
, twelve species from
Helicoma
, four species from
Helicomyces
, 25 species from
Helicosporium
, six species from
Neoacanthostigma
and one species from
Tubeufia
. A multi-gene phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TEF1α sequence data of species of Tubeufiales is provided. Detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided, as well as the morphological comparison with similar taxa are explored. The checklist of accepted Tubeufiales species and re-organised Tubeufiales species are provided.
This paper is the second in a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi. It focuses on 25 phytopathogenic genera:
Alternaria
,
Bipolaris
,
Boeremia
,
...Botryosphaeria
,
Calonectria
,
Coniella
,
Corticiaceae
,
Curvularia
,
Elsinoe
,
Entyloma
,
Erythricium
,
Fomitiporia
,
Fulviformes
,
Laetisaria
,
Limonomyces
,
Neofabraea
,
Neofusicoccum
,
Phaeoacremonium
,
Phellinotus
,
Phyllosticta
,
Plenodomus
,
Pseudopyricularia
,
Tilletia
,
Venturia
and
Waitea
, using recent molecular data, up to date names and the latest taxonomic insights. For each genus a taxonomic background, diversity aspects, species identification and classification based on molecular phylogeny and recommended genetic markers are provided. In this study, varieties of the genus
Boeremia
have been elevated to species level.
Botryosphaeria
,
Bipolaris
,
Curvularia
,
Neofusicoccum
and
Phyllosticta
that were included in the One Stop Shop 1 paper are provided with updated entries, as many new species have been introduced to these genera.
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•This paper has showed four new drimane-type sesquiterpenoids and two new nucleosides from the Helicoma septoconstrictum.•Helicoside C (compounds 4) mediated intracellular ROS and ...mitochondrial dependent apoptosis in ovarian cancer A2780 cells.•Helicoside C could suppress the STAT3′s phosphorylation in A2780 cells.
Four new drimane-type sesquiterpenoids and two new nucleoside derivatives (1–6), were isolated from the fungus Helicoma septoconstrictum. Their structures were determined based on the combination of the analysis of their HR-ESI-MS, NMR, ECD calculations data and acid hydrolysis. All the isolated compounds were detected for their bio-activities against MDA-MB-231, A549/DDP, A2780 and HepG2 cell lines. Helicoside C (4) exhibited superior cytotoxicity against the A2780 cell line with IC50 7.5 ± 1.5 µM. The analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) revealed that Helicoside C induced an increase in intracellular ROS. Furthermore, the flow cytometry and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) analyses unveiled that Helicoside C mediated mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in A2780 cells. The western blotting test showed that Helicoside C could suppress the STAT3′s phosphorylation. These findings offered crucial support for development of H. septoconstrictum and highlighted the potential application of drimane-type sesquiterpenoids in pharmaceuticals.
The hydraulic system is the main power source for the pitch adjustment of the ship's controllable pitch propeller. The stable operation of the system is the guarantee of ship navigation safety. ...Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the reliability and availability of the hydraulic system of the controllable pitch propeller. In order to deal with epistemic uncertainty and dynamic characteristics in the reliability and availability assessment process of controllable pitch propeller hydraulic systems，the D-S evidence theory and dynamic Bayesian network were applied to establish a novel approach for assessing its reliability and availability. The proposed approach included: (1) analyzing the working principle of the system to establish a reliability block diagram; (2) according to the reliability block diagram, the system dynamic fault tree is established and transformed into DS-DBN model; (3) parameter learning and structure learning of DS-DBN model of controlled pitch propeller hydraulic system; and (4) system reliability and availability calculation, analysis of epistemic importance and weak links. The applicability of the approach was verified by comparison of Markov calculations.
•An approach framework based on DS-DBN model is proposed for ship system reliability and availability analysis.•It can handle epistemic uncertainty and dynamic characteristics in ship system reliability and availability evaluation.•The approach is used to evaluate the reliability and availability of ship controllable propeller hydraulic system.
Endophytic fungi are an important source of novel antitumor substances. Previously, we isolated an endophytic fungus, Alternaria alstroemeria, from the medicinal plant Artemisia artemisia, whose ...crude extracts strongly inhibited A549 tumor cells. We obtained a transformant, namely AaLaeAOE26, which completely loses its antitumor activity due to overexpression of the global regulator AaLaeA. Re‐sequencing analysis of the genome revealed that the insertion site was in the noncoding region and did not destroy any other genes. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the level of secondary antitumor metabolic substances was significantly lower in AaLaeAOE26 compared with the wild strain, in particular flavonoids were more downregulated according to the metabolomics analysis. A further comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that a gene encoding FAD‐binding domain protein (Fla1) was significantly downregulated. On the other hand, overexpression of AaFla1 led to significant enhancement of antitumor activity against A549 with a sevenfold higher inhibition ratio than the wild strain. At the same time, we also found a significant increase in the accumulation of antitumor metabolites including quercetin, gitogenin, rhodioloside, liensinine, ginsenoside Rg2 and cinobufagin. Our data suggest that the global regulator AaLaeA negatively affects the production of antitumor compounds via controlling the transcription of AaFla1 in endophytic A. alstroemeria.
The family
Pleosporaceae
includes numerous saprobic, opportunistic human, and plant pathogenic taxa. The classification of genera and species
Pleosporaceae
has been a major challenge due to the lack ...of a clear understanding of the importance of the morphological characters used to distinguish taxa as well as the lack of reference strains. Recent treatments concluded that
Pleospora
and some other genera in
Pleosporaceae
are likely polyphyletic. In order to establish the evolutionary relationships and to resolve the polyphyletic nature of
Pleospora
and allied genera, we sequenced the 18S nrDNA, 28S nrDNA, ITS, GAPDH, RPB2 and TEF1-alpha gene regions of
Pleosporaceae
species and phylogenetically analysed this data. Multigene phylogenies strongly support the monophyletic nature of
Pleosporaceae
among the other families in
Pleosporale
s, and the acceptance of the genera
Alternaria, Bipolaris, Clathrospora, Comoclathris, Curvularia, Dactuliophora, Decorospora, Diademosa, Exserohilum, Extrawettsteinina, Gibbago, Neocamarosporium, Paradendryphiella, Platysporoides, Pleospora, Porocercospora, Pseudoyuconia
and
Pyrenophora. Austropleospora
,
Dendryphion
,
Edenia
and
Macrospora
are excluded from the family based on morphology coupled with molecular data. Two novel species,
Alternaria murispora
in this paper and
Comoclathris sedi
are introduced. The sexual morph of
Alternaria alternata
is re-described and illustrated using modern concepts from fresh collections. The paraphyletic nature of
Pleospora
is resolved based on the available morpho-molecular data, but further sampling with fresh collections, reference or ex-type strains and molecular data are needed to obtain a natural classification of genera and the family.
Taxonomic names are key links between various databases that store information on different organisms. Several global fungal nomenclural and taxonomic databases (notably Index Fungorum, Species ...Fungorum and MycoBank) can be sourced to find taxonomic details about fungi, while DNA sequence data can be sourced from NCBI, EBI and UNITE databases. Although the sequence data may be linked to a name, the quality of the metadata is variable and generally there is no corresponding link to images, descriptions or herbarium material. There is generally no way to establish the accuracy of the names in these genomic databases, other than whether the submission is from a reputable source. To tackle this problem, a new database (FacesofFungi), accessible at www.facesoffungi.org (FoF) has been established. This fungal database allows deposition of taxonomic data, phenotypic details and other useful data, which will enhance our current taxonomic understanding and ultimately enable mycologists to gain better and updated insights into the current fungal classification system. In addition, the database will also allow access to comprehensive metadata including descriptions of voucher and type specimens. This database is user-friendly, providing links and easy access between taxonomic ranks, with the classification system based primarily on molecular data (from the literature and via updated web-based phylogenetic trees), and to a lesser extent on morphological data when molecular data are unavailable. In FoF species are not only linked to the closest phylogenetic representatives, but also relevant data is provided, wherever available, on various applied aspects, such as ecological, industrial, quarantine and chemical uses. The data include the three main fungal groups (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Basal fungi) and fungus-like organisms. The FoF webpage is an output funded by the Mushroom Research Foundation which is an NGO with seven directors with mycological expertise. The webpage has 76 curators, and with the help of these specialists, FoF will provide an updated natural classification of the fungi, with illustrated accounts of species linked to molecular data. The present paper introduces the FoF database to the scientific community and briefly reviews some of the problems associated with classification and identification of the main fungal groups. The structure and use of the database is then explained. We would like to invite all mycologists to contribute to these web pages.
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