DddA-derived cytosine base editors (DdCBEs), composed of the split interbacterial toxin DddA
, transcription activator-like effector (TALE), and uracil glycosylase inhibitor (UGI), enable targeted ...C-to-T base conversions in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Here, we demonstrate highly efficient mtDNA editing in mouse embryos using custom-designed DdCBEs. We target the mitochondrial gene, MT-ND5 (ND5), which encodes a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase that catalyzes NADH dehydration and electron transfer to ubiquinone, to obtain several mtDNA mutations, including m.G12918A associated with human mitochondrial diseases and m.C12336T that incorporates a premature stop codon, creating mitochondrial disease models in mice and demonstrating a potential for the treatment of mitochondrial disorders.
Very recently, MXene‐based wearable hydrogels have emerged as promising candidates for epidermal sensors due to their tissue‐like softness and unique electrical and mechanical properties. However, it ...remains a challenge to achieve MXene‐based hydrogels with reliable sensing performance and prolonged service life, because MXene inevitably oxidizes in water‐containing system of the hydrogels. Herein, catechol‐functionalized poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA‐CA)‐based hydrogels is proposed to inhibit the oxidation of MXene, leading to rapid self‐healing and superior strain sensing behaviors. Sufficient interaction of hydrophobic catechol groups with the MXene surface reduces the oxidation‐accessible sites in the MXene for reaction with water and eventually suppresses the oxidation of MXene in the hydrogel. Furthermore, the PVA‐CA‐MXene hydrogel is demonstrated for use as a strain sensor for real‐time motion monitoring, such as detecting subtle human motions and handwriting. The signals of PVA‐CA‐MXene hydrogel sensor can be accurately classified using deep learning models.
This study provides an avenue for the synthesis of oxidation‐resistant MXene‐based catechol‐grafted poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogels (PVA‐CA‐MXene hydrogel) with prolonged service life intended for strain sensors in real‐time motion monitoring, such as detecting subtle human motions and handwriting. The signals of PVA‐CA‐MXene hydrogel sensor are further accurately classified using deep learning models.
Activated macrophages have the potential to be ideal targets for imaging inflammation. However, probe selectivity over non-activated macrophages and probe delivery to target tissue have been ...challenging. Here, we report a small molecule probe specific for activated macrophages, called CDg16, and demonstrate its application to visualizing inflammatory atherosclerotic plaques in vivo. Through a systematic transporter screen using a CRISPR activation library, we identify the orphan transporter Slc18b1/SLC18B1 as the gating target of CDg16.
Summary
The genes that encode the ethylene biosynthesis enzyme 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate oxidase (ACO) are thought to be involved in flower senescence. Hence, we investigated whether the ...transcript levels of PhACO genes (PhACO1, PhACO3 and PhACO4) in Petunia cv. Mirage Rose are associated with ethylene production at different flowering stages. High transcript levels were detected in the late flowering stage and linked to high ethylene levels. PhACO1 was subsequently edited using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and its role in ethylene production was investigated. PhACO1‐edited T0 mutant lines, regardless of mutant type (homozygous or monoallelic), exhibited significantly reduced ethylene production and enhanced flower longevity compared with wild‐type. Flower longevity and the reduction in ethylene production were observed to be stronger in homozygous plants than in their monoallelic counterparts. Additionally, the transmission of the edited gene to the T1 (lines 6 and 36) generation was also confirmed, with the results for flower longevity and ethylene production proving to be identical to those of the T0 mutant lines. Overall, this study increases the understanding of the role of PhACO1 in petunia flower longevity and also points to the CRISPR/Cas9 system being a powerful tool in the improvement of floricultural quality.
Objective
To evaluate the efficacy of prednisolone in the treatment of medication‐overuse headache (MOH) using data from a multicenter prospective registry (Registry for Load and Management of ...Medication Overuse Headache RELEASE).
Background
The treatment of MOH is challenging, especially when withdrawal headache manifests during the cessation of overused medication. Although systemic corticosteroids have been empirically used to reduce withdrawal headaches, their efficacy on the long‐term outcomes of MOH has not been documented.
Methods
This was a post hoc analysis of the RELEASE study. The RELEASE is an ongoing multicenter observational cohort study in which patients with MOH have been recruited from seven hospitals in Korea since April 2020. Clinical characteristics, disease profiles, treatments, and outcomes were assessed at baseline and specific time points. We analyzed the effect of prednisolone on MOH reversal at 3 months.
Results
Among the 309 patients enrolled during the study period, prednisolone was prescribed to 59/309 (19.1%) patients at a dose ranging from 10 to 40 mg/day for 5–14 days; 228/309 patients (73.8%) completed the 3‐month follow‐up period. The MOH reversal rates at 3 months after baseline were 76% (31/41) in the prednisolone group and 57.8% (108/187) in the non‐prednisolone group (p = 0.034). The effect of steroids remained significant (adjusted odds ratio 2.78, 95% confidence interval 1.27–6.1, p = 0.010) after adjusting for the number of monthly headache days at baseline, mode of discontinuation of overused medication, use of early preventive medications, and the number of preventive medications combined.
Conclusions
Although our observational study could not draw a definitive conclusion, prednisolone may be effective in the treatment of MOH.
Cpf1, a type V CRISPR effector, recognizes a thymidine-rich protospacer-adjacent motif and induces cohesive double-stranded breaks at the target site guided by a single CRISPR RNA (crRNA). Here we ...show that Cpf1 can be used as a tool for DNA-free editing of plant genomes. We describe the delivery of recombinant Cpf1 proteins with in vitro transcribed or chemically synthesized target-specific crRNAs into protoplasts isolated from soybean and wild tobacco. Designed crRNAs are unique and do not have similar sequences (≤3 mismatches) in the entire soybean reference genome. Targeted deep sequencing analyses show that mutations are successfully induced in FAD2 paralogues in soybean and AOC in wild tobacco. Unlike SpCas9, Cpf1 mainly induces various nucleotide deletions at target sites. No significant mutations are detected at potential off-target sites in the soybean genome. These results demonstrate that Cpf1-crRNA complex is an effective DNA-free genome-editing tool for plant genome editing.
Dual blockade of the EGFR and VEGF pathways in EGFR-mutated metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is supported by preclinical and clinical data, yet the approach is not widely implemented. ...RELAY assessed erlotinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) standard of care, plus ramucirumab, a human IgG1 VEGFR2 antagonist, or placebo in patients with untreated EGFR-mutated metastatic NSCLC.
This is a worldwide, double-blind, phase 3 trial done in 100 hospitals, clinics, and medical centres in 13 countries. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older (20 years or older in Japan and Taiwan) at the time of study entry, had stage IV NSCLC, with an EGFR exon 19 deletion (ex19del) or exon 21 substitution (Leu858Arg) mutation, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1, and no CNS metastases. We randomly assigned eligible patients in a 1:1 ratio to receive oral erlotinib (150 mg/day) plus either intravenous ramucirumab (10 mg/kg) or matching placebo once every 2 weeks. Randomisation was done by an interactive web response system with a computer-generated sequence and stratified by sex, geographical region, EGFR mutation type, and EGFR testing method. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed progression-free survival in the intention-to-treat population. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of study treatment. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02411448, and is ongoing for long-term survival follow-up.
Between Jan 28, 2016, and Feb 1, 2018, 449 eligible patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to treatment with ramucirumab plus erlotinib (n=224) or placebo plus erlotinib (n=225). Median duration of follow-up was 20·7 months (IQR 15·8–27·2). At the time of primary analysis, progression-free survival was significantly longer in the ramucirumab plus erlotinib group (19·4 months 95% CI 15·4–21·6) than in the placebo plus erlotinib group (12·4 months 11·0–13·5), with a stratified hazard ratio of 0·59 (95% CI 0·46–0·76; p<0·0001). Grade 3–4 treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 159 (72%) of 221 patients in the ramucirumab plus erlotinib group versus 121 (54%) of 225 in the placebo plus erlotinib group. The most common grade 3–4 treatment-emergent adverse events in the ramucirumab plus erlotinib group were hypertension (52 24%; grade 3 only) and dermatitis acneiform (33 15%), and in the placebo plus erlotinib group were dermatitis acneiform (20 9%) and increased alanine aminotransferase (17 8%). Treatment-emergent serious adverse events were reported in 65 (29%) of 221 patients in the ramucirumab plus erlotinib group and 47 (21%) of 225 in the placebo plus erlotinib group. The most common serious adverse events of any grade in the ramucirumab plus erlotinib group were pneumonia (seven 3%) and cellulitis and pneumothorax (four 2%, each); the most common in the placebo plus erlotinib group were pyrexia (four 2%) and pneumothorax (three 1%). One on-study treatment-related death due to an adverse event occurred (haemothorax after a thoracic drainage procedure for a pleural empyema) in the ramucirumab plus erlotinib group.
Ramucirumab plus erlotinib demonstrated superior progression-free survival compared with placebo plus erlotinib in patients with untreated EGFR-mutated metastatic NSCLC. Safety was consistent with the safety profiles of the individual compounds in advanced lung cancer. The RELAY regimen is a viable new treatment option for the initial treatment of EGFR-mutated metastatic NSCLC.
Eli Lilly.
Schisandra chinensis, an ancient member of the most basal angiosperm lineage which is known as the ANITA, is a fruit-bearing vine with the pharmacological effects of a multidrug system, such as ...antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-osteoporosis effects. Its major bioactive compound is represented by lignans such as schisandrin. Molecular characterization of lignan biosynthesis in S. chinensis is of great importance for improving the production of this class of active compound. However, the biosynthetic mechanism of schisandrin remains largely unknown.
To understand the potential key catalytic steps and their regulation of schisandrin biosynthesis, we generated genome-wide transcriptome data from three different tissues of S. chinensis cultivar Cheongsoon, including leaf, root, and fruit, via long- and short-read sequencing technologies. A total of 132,856 assembled transcripts were generated with an average length of 1.9 kb and high assembly completeness. Overall, our data presented effective, accurate gene annotation in the prediction of functional pathways. In particular, the annotation revealed the abundance of transcripts related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Remarkably, transcriptome profiling during fruit development of S. chinensis cultivar Cheongsoon revealed that the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, specific to coniferyl alcohol biosynthesis, showed a tendency to be upregulated at the postfruit development stage. Further the analysis also revealed that the pathway forms a transcriptional network with fruit ripening-related genes, especially the ABA signaling-related pathway. Finally, candidate unigenes homologous to isoeugenol synthase 1 (IGS1) and dirigent-like protein (DIR), which are subsequently activated by phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and thus catalyze key upstream steps in schisandrin biosynthesis, were identified. Their expression was increased at the postfruit development stage, suggesting that they may be involved in the regulation of schisandrin biosynthesis in S. chinensis.
Our results provide new insights into the production and accumulation of schisandrin in S. chinensis berries and will be utilized as a valuable transcriptomic resource for improving the schisandrin content.
Objective
To characterize the clinical features of patients with medication‐overuse headache (MOH) according to the class of acute medications being overused.
Background
MOH is a common global health ...problem, severely disabling the majority of the patients affected. Although various medications can cause MOH, whether clinical features differ according to the overused medication type remains unclear.
Methods
We analyzed data from a multicenter cross‐sectional study in neurology clinics in Korea from April 2020 to June 2021.
Results
Among 229 eligible patients, MOH was documented in patients who overused multiple drug classes (69/229, 30.1%; most frequent occurrence), triptans (50/229, 21.8%), non‐opioid analgesics (48/229, 21.0%), and combination‐analgesics (40/229, 17.4%). Patients who overused multiple drug classes reported more frequent use of acute medications (median 25th–75th percentiles: 25.0 15.0–30.0 vs. 17.5 10.0–25.5 days/month, p = 0.029) and fewer crystal‐clear days (0.0 0.0–9.5 vs. 9.0 0.0–10.0 days/month, p = 0.048) than those who overused triptans. Patients who overused multiple drug classes also reported shorter intervals from chronic daily headache to the onset of MOH than patients who overused combination‐analgesics (0.6 0.2–1.9 vs. 2.4 0.7–5.4 years, p = 0.001) or non‐opioid analgesics (1.5 0.6–4.3 years, p = 0.004). Patients who overused multiple drug classes reported more emergency room visits (1.0 0.0–1.0 visits/year) than those who overused combination‐analgesics (0.0 0.0–1.0, p = 0.024) or non‐opioid analgesics (0.0 0.0–1.0, p = 0.030). Patients who overused triptans reported fewer headache days (21.0 20.0–30.0 vs. 30.0 20.5–30.0 days/month, p = 0.008) and fewer severe headache days (7.0 4.0–10.0 vs. 10.0 5.0–15.0 days/month, p = 0.017) than those who overused non‐opioid analgesics.
Conclusions
Some clinical characteristics of MOH significantly differed according to the class of overused medications. The findings from this study may contribute to the understanding of the clinical characteristics and pathophysiology of MOH.
Optical metasurfaces are two-dimensional optical elements composed of dense arrays of subwavelength optical antennas and afford on-demand manipulation of the basic properties of light waves. ...Following the pioneering works on active metasurfaces capable of modulating wave amplitude, there is now a growing interest to dynamically control other fundamental properties of light. Here, we present metasurfaces that facilitate electrical tuning of the reflection phase and polarization properties. To realize these devices, we leverage the properties of actively controlled plasmonic antennas and fundamental insights provided by coupled mode theory. Indium–tin–oxide is embedded into gap-plasmon resonator-antennas as it offers electrically tunable optical properties. By judiciously controlling the resonant properties of the antennas from under- to overcoupling regimes, we experimentally demonstrate tuning of the reflection phase over 180°. This work opens up new design strategies for active metasurfaces for displacement measurements and tunable waveplates.
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