Sandy and acidic soil conditions are the major factors limiting the production of some vegetable crops in acidic soils. This study aims to examine the effect of various amendments on the growth, ...yield and mineral nutrients uptake of stem amaranth. Two pot experiments were conducted separately in two generic soils. Six treatments viz. T
0
= control (without amendment), T
1
= lime, T
2
= lime + wetland bottom sediment, T
3
= lime + vermicompost, T
4
= lime + rice straw biochar (RSB) and T
5
= RSB were used for both experiments following CRD with four replications. Results revealed that plant heights (45.96 and 50.33 cm) of amaranth grown in alluvial and hill soils, respectively, were the highest in T
4
treatment. Similarly, treatment T
4
showed the highest fresh (118.53 and 116.11 g pot
−1
, respectively) and dry biomasses (16.98 and 19.54 g pot
−1
, respectively) for both soils. For both soils, treatment T
4
resulted better nutrient uptake of N, P, K, S, Zn, Fe and Mn by edible stem, while non-amended soil gave the lowest result at all parameters. Analytical values of post-harvest soils indicated that T
4
and/or T
5
treatments resulted in an improvement in soil pH, organic carbon, total N, exchangeable K and extractable P, S and Zn. Treatment T
3
showed elevated concentrations of extractable soils Fe and Mn. The amendment RSB combined with lime can be preferably used in strong acidic soils for cultivation of stem amaranth.
Recycling of phosphorus (P) from feedstocks to soils can provide sustainability in agriculture. In our incubation study, we investigated the effects of adding cow manure-derived vermicompost (CMV), ...cow manure (CM), sugarcane trash biochar (STB), and triple super phosphate (TSP) to extractable P in a sandy loam soil. P was added to the soil at rates of 0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg kg
−1
based on their total P contents. The amended soils were incubated for 1, 4, 8, and 16 weeks (wk) at room temperature and extractable P samples were measured (by water, Olsen, Mehlich-3 and Bray and Kurtz) and soil pH was monitored. After 1 wk of incubation, the extractable P values were 1.4 mg kg
−1
with STB at the smallest while the highest was 79 mg kg
−1
with TSP. The corresponding P values in the CMV and CM amended soils were 33 mg kg
−1
and 31 mg kg
−1
. The reductions of extractable P from 1 to 16 wks of incubation were 40%, 35%, and 80% in the CMV, CM and TSP amended soils, respectively, while they increased from 1.43 mg kg
−1
to 6.05 mg kg
−1
((320%) in the STB amended soil. Among the amendments, a significant positive relationship was observed between extractable P and the pH in soils amended with STB. The findings revealed that varying P extractability in soils depends on amendment types and duration of incubation. Sugarcane trash biochar did not exhibit an ability to substitute inorganic P fertilizer for assessing bioavailable P.
Protecting the natural environment and ecological systems from the inorganic pollutants such as lead (Pb) has highlighted the urgent need to develop new and effective approaches for this substance’s ...immobilization in soil. In this study, new, low-cost, and eco-friendly hydroxyapatite (HAp)-like compounds were prepared by reacting oyster shell (Oys) with diammonium phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4) (DAP) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) at 25–28 °C (OyOHr) and 100 °C (OyOHh). Furthermore, OyOHr and OyOHh were assessed for their effectiveness to immobilize Pb in soil and suppress Pb uptake by Indian spinach (Basella Alba L.). Application of 0.5% OyOHr and OyOHh to soil (by weight) reduced Pb concentration in the shoots by 76.9–78.0% compared to control (CK), to a level that was slightly higher (by 15.5–21.5%) than the recommended food safety level (2 mg kg−1) suggested by WHO. The changes in Pb fractions revealed that the total contents of oxidizable and residual forms in OyOHr or OyOHh after harvest was >415.0 mg kg−1, which indicated that >92% of Pb when added to the soil, was immobilized and not able to be taken up by plants. The proposed Pb immobilization mechanism might be the dissolution of OyOHr or OyOHh followed by hydroxypyromorphite (Pb10(PO4)6(OH)2) (HP) formation. Due to their facile preparation and eco-friendly and excellent Pb immobilizing characteristics, OyOHr or OyOHh could be readily integrated into current farming systems to mitigate the risk of Pb transferring to plants. However, OyOHr seemed a better immobilizing agent correspond to OyOHh in terms of cost and efficiency.
HAp-like compounds suppress plant Pb uptake. Display omitted
•New HAp-like compounds (OyOH & OyP) were synthesized using oyster shells.•OyOH showed higher Pb retention capacity compared to OyP.•OyOHr & OyOHh reduced Pb uptake by 72.2% and 74.5%, respectively.•OyOH immobilized >92% of added Pb by their dissolution followed by HP precipitation.•OyOHr could be a better immobilizing agent than OyOHh in terms of cost and efficiency.
It is important to consider how phosphate-based metal immobilization differs from traditional soil incubation because of the presence of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) in the ...rhizosphere. Therefore, in an incubation study, the impacts of 3% NaH
2
PO
4
(a P compound), tartaric acid (TA), oxalic acid (OA), and combinations of P and TA/OA on cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)'s geochemical redistribution and availability in metal-contaminated soils were studied. The mechanisms of metal immobilization were also explored. P, a low TA (TA2), and P plus a low TA (p-TA2) significantly reduced Cd, Pb, and Zn's acid-extractable and available (CaCl
2
-extractable) forms compared to the control (CK), with p-TA2 being the most effective. At high TA (>TA5-TA20), all OA levels (OA2-OA20), and P plus high TA/OA concentrations, trends reversed. Treatments became more negative as pH increased, particularly p-TA2, indicating that the main mechanism for immobilizing metals was electrostatic adsorption. However, XRD showed that the P material alone formed Cd-P, Pb-P, and Zn-P minerals, implying that sorption and precipitation were the primary metal immobilizing techniques. In conclusion, p-TA2 has the potential to effectively immobilize metals in contaminated soils. However, when treating metal-contaminated soils with P, rhizospheric LMWOAs must be considered.
Abstract
Background
Proteins are integral part of all living beings, which are building blocks of many amino acids. To be functionally active, amino acids chain folds up in a complex way to give each ...protein a unique 3D shape, where a minor error may cause misfolded structure. Genetic disorder diseases i.e.
Alzheimer, Parkinson,
etc. arise due to misfolding in protein sequences. Thus, identifying patterns of amino acids is important for inferring protein associated genetic diseases. Recent studies in predicting amino acids patterns focused on only simple protein misfolded disease i.e.
Chromaffin Tumor
, by association rule mining. However, more complex diseases are yet to be attempted. Moreover, association rules obtained by these studies were not verified by usefulness measuring tools.
Results
In this work, we analyzed protein sequences associated with complex protein misfolded diseases (i.e.
Sickle Cell Anemia, Breast Cancer, Cystic Fibrosis, Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus,
and
Retinitis Pigmentosa 4
) by association rule mining technique and objective interestingness measuring tools. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our method.
Conclusion
Adopting quantitative experimental methods, this work can form more reliable, useful and strong association rules i. e. dominating patterns of amino acid of complex protein misfolded diseases. Thus, in addition to usual applications, the identified patterns can be more useful in discovering medicines for protein misfolded diseases and thereby may open up new opportunities in medical science to handle genetic disorder diseases.
This paper deals with the environmental impact of effluents released by denim garment washing factories in Bangladesh. Both untreated and treated effluent samples were collected from five denim ...washing factories identified as representative cases and were subjected to chemical testing as a part of the case study. The results were compared against the acceptable limits of parameters-chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), the potential of hydrogen (pH) and color. Findings show that COD and BOD values are well within the acceptable limit in all of the factories studied but only 20% of the factories could achieve acceptable DO levels. Around 40–60% of the studied washing factories showed evidence of improved filtration systems for TDS and TSS values, but only 40% of factories produced clear wastewater. 60% of the factories met an acceptable pH level of 6–8 before releasing their effluent to the environment. The study reveals the technical limitations of effluent treatment practices of the denim garment washing factories in Bangladesh. The findings will appeal to all stakeholders, including academics and researchers, to give serious attention to reducing environmental impact of industrial garment washing process. They will help industry practitioners with more comprehensive information to take strategic action in making denim garment washing factories in Bangladesh more sustainable.
The experiment was studied to evaluate the fourteen different fungicides against M. oryzae pv. triticum in laboratory and pot experiment from August 2016 to October 2017. The result of the in-vitro ...evaluation showed that a 100% reduction of radial mycelial growth was obtained in Amiscore 32.5 SC, Bavistin DF, Cabrio Top, Xtracare 300 EC, Nativo 75 WG, Provax 200 WP and Trooper 75 WP. Nativo 75 WG (0.2%) revealed the highest (85.38%) reduction of disease incidence over control while Provax 200 WP (0.3%) showed an efficacy of 82.14% in reducing disease incidence in the pot experiment. The lowest (3.70%) disease severity was found in Nativo 75 WG, and Provax 200 WP also exhibited 4.40% disease severity. A maximum number of healthy grain/ear (16.40) was observed in Nativo 75 WG, and Provax 200 WP was demonstrated with healthy grain (15.00), which was close to Nativo 75 WG. In grain weight/ear, Nativo 75 WG (0.2%) led to an impressive increase of 160.47% over control.
Low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) are common in rhizospheric soil and may impede the interaction between phosphate and metals. Thus, studying how phosphate compounds impact metal ...immobilization in rhizospheric soil using LMWOAs is crucial. An incubation experiment examined the effects of NaH
PO
(a P compound) (3%), various concentrations of citric acid (CA), and combinations of P and CA, on soil cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) immobilization using the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction method, CaCl
extraction method, zeta potential, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The P, low CA (2 mmol kg
soil) (CA2), and P-CA2 treatments reduced acid-soluble and CaCl
-extractable Cd, Pb, and Zn, indicating metal immobilization, with the P-CA2 treatment being the most effective. High CA (>5-20 mmol kg
soil) or a P with high CA reversed prior patterns, suggesting metal mobilization. The zeta potential study indicated that when pH increased, treatments became more negative, notably P-CA2 followed by P, suggesting that electrostatic adsorption was the predominant metal immobilization mechanism, especially in P-CA2. XRD tests, however, showed that the P treatment alone produced Cd phosphate, pyromorphite, and hopeite, indicating that sorption and precipitation were the main metal immobilization processes in the P treatment alone. In conclusion, P-CA2 was found to be the most efficient metal immobilization and redistribution treatment for contaminated soils. Rhizospheric CA may alter Cd, Pb, and Zn mineral stability. Therefore, when treating Cd, Pb, and Zn-contaminated soils with a P compound, CA should be addressed.
A microalgae (
) biosensor chip for pesticide sensing has been developed by attaching the immobilized microalgae biofilm pon the microarray dye spots (size 100 μm and pitch 200 μm). The dye spots ...(ruthenium complex) were printed upon SO
-modified glass slides using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp and a microcontact printer (μCP). Emitted fluorescence intensity (FI) variance due to photosynthetic activity (O
production) of microalgae was monitored by an inverted fluorescent microscope and inhibition of the oxygen generation rate was calculated based on the FI responses both before and after injection of pesticide sample. The calibration curves, as the inhibition of oxygen generation rate (%) due to photosynthetic activity inhibition by the pesticides, depicted that among the 6 tested pesticides, the biosensor showed good sensitivity for 4 pesticides (diuron, simetryn, simazine, and atrazine) but was insensitive for mefenacet and pendimethalin. The detection limits were 1 ppb for diuron and 10 ppb for simetryn, simazine, and atrazine. The simple and low-cost nature of sensing of the developed biosensor sensor chip has apparently created opportunities for regular water quality monitoring, where pesticides are an important concern.
•A FI based optical BOD biosensor chip was developed.•PE–PP film shielding approach eliminated the effect of environmental samples.•Simple chip design and analytical procedure have advanced for ...future integrated biosensors chip.
An optical biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) biosensor chip has been developed by embedding a biofilm onto an oxygen sensing film (OSF) shielded with polyethylene–polypropylene (PE–PP) film for effect free detection of organic pollution in environmental samples. The biofilm was prepared by immobilizing baker's yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with polyvinyl alcohol–styrylpyridinium (PVA–SbQ) matrix and the OSF film was developed by coating the oxygen sensing ruthenium complex (dichloro tris (1,10-phenanthroline)–ruthenium(II)) dye solution (solubilized in nafion fluoropolymer matrix) onto a SO3 glass slide. Silicone rubber (SR) sheet was used to control the biofilm thickness and make the sample injection cavity. Fluorescence intensity (FI) of the biosensor was recorded by an inverted microscope which varies with the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in samples. The biosensor responses were drawn as the changing of FI due to microbial respiration with BOD standard solutions, glucose–glutamic acid soluton (GGA). A good linear relationship was observed between the maximum responses, It=3/I0 (It=3=intensity at 3min time and I0=intensity at 0min time) and GGA concentrations (1 to 20mg/L, R2=0.99, n=3) either in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) or in environmental samples such as river water (RW). The effects of environmental samples upon the sensor performance were completely eliminated due to shielding with only oxygen permeable PE–PP film onto the OSF. In addition, the suitable biofilm type, effects of heavy metals ions as well as preservation and stability of the biosensor also have been investigated. Finally, the newly proposed approach offers a promising and prospective tool for frequent monitoring of organic pollution in environmental samples.
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