Designing oscillators in a fully monolithically integrated technology requires accurate characterization of the active element, as well as the surrounding passive circuitry. Based upon S parameter ...measurements of Impatt diodes, millimeter wave oscillators up to 124 GHz have been designed,manufactured and measured. Two measurements setups covering the frequency range from 0.04-140 GHz were used and a careful calibration approach was applied
This qualitative field study investigated cross-site knowledge sharing in a small sample of
multinational corporations in three different MNC business contexts (global, multidomestic,
transnational). ...The results disclose heterogeneous "worlds" of MNC knowledge sharing, ultimately raising the question as to whether the whole concept of MNC knowledge sharing covers a sufficiently unitary phenomenon to be meaningful. We derive a non-exhaustive typology of MNC knowledge-sharing practices: self-organizing knowledge sharing, technocratic knowledge sharing, and best practice knowledge sharing. Despite its limitations, this typology helps to elucidate a number of issues, including the
latent conflict between two disparate theories of MNC knowledge sharing, namely
"sender-receiver" and "social learning" theories (Noorderhaven & Harzing, 2009). More
generally, we develop the term "knowledge contextualization" to highlight the way that
firm-specific organizational features pre-define which knowledge is considered to be of
special relevance for intra-organizational sharing. (authors' abstract)
Knowledge is often tacit and "sticky", i.e. highly context-specific and therefore costly to transfer to a different setting. This paper examines the methods used by firms to facilitate cross-site ...knowledge sharing by "thinning" knowledge, that is, by stripping knowledge of its contextual richness. An interview-based study of cross-site knowledge sharing in three industries (consulting, industrial materials, and high-tech products) indicated that highly developed knowledge-sharing systems do not necessarily involve extensive codification and recombination of personalized knowledge. Many multinational firms evidently conceive their knowledge-sharing systems with more modest objectives in mind than any large-scale "learning spirals" featuring iterative conversion of personalized knowledge into codified knowledge and vice-versa. A typology of knowledge-thinning systems was derived by interpreting the field study results from the perspective of knowledge-thinning methods used in earlier eras of history. The typology encompasses topographical, statistical and diagrammatic knowledge-thinning systems. (authors' abstract)
The fibrinolytic efficacy and systemic effects on coagulation variables of intracoronary administration of an at vlated streptokinase-plasminogen complex (BRL 26921) were assessed in 23 patients with ...an acute transmural myocardial infarction. The infarct vessel was totally occluded in 22 patients and subtotally stenosed in 1 patient. Reperfusion was achieved in a total of 17 patients (74%), in 2 patients with the use of a guide wire. Reperfusion time in those patients treated with BRL 26921 alone amounted to 42 ± 37 minutes. Reocclusion occurred in two patients subsequently. Four patients died; in two of these, intracoronary thrombolysis was unsuccessful.
Reptilase time increased from 13 ± 3 to 49 ± 31 seconds (p < 0.001), fibrinogen levels decreased from 280 ± 65 to 126 ± 76 mg% (p < 0.001). Factor V decreased from 96 ± 11 to 53 ± 26% (p < 0.001), and factor VIII from 99 ± 1 to 55 ± 36% (p < 0.001). Peripheral hyperplasminemia, denned as a reduction of fibrinogen (< 100 mg%) with a reduction of factor V and VIII (< 75%) simultaneously occurred in eight patients. Six (75%) of these 8 patients demonstrated reperfusion, whereas 9 (64%) of 14 patients without peripheral hyperplasminemia were also successfully reperfused. Bleeding complications occurred in two patients who demonstrated hyperplasminemia. Thus, effective intracoronary thrombolysis could be achieved with only minor effects on peripheral coagulation variables in the majority of patients.
A superior vena cava syndrome developed in a patient with liver cirrhosis 6 months after implantation of a peritoneovenous shunt. Local fibrinolytic therapy resulted only in a transient improvement ...of clinical symptoms. Persistent patency of the superior vena cava and shunt function was regained only after percutaneous recanalization and balloon dilatation of the thrombotically occluded caval vein.
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