Of the total 47 species in the subgenus
43 have been reported from the freshwater fishes of Asia. Amin
. (2017) provided a key to the 23 species of the genus
reported from the Indian subcontinent. ...The present study reports two new species:
n. sp. and
n. sp. from
Hamilton and
Hamilton, respectively, and two previously described species:
Gupta and Jain, 1980 and
Khan and Bilqees, 1990 from
Hamilton and
Hamilton, respectively.
n. sp. comprises 3 circles of 6 proboscis hooks each. Trunk spines in
n. sp are divided into two groups: anterior and posterior separated by unarmed region, which has not been previously reported in the subgenus. Anterior spines are present in 7-8 and 7-10 circles in females and males, respectively, whereas posterior spines are in 23-28 and 31-38 circles in males and females, respectively.
n. sp. comprises 3 circles of 6-8 hooks each and a single set of trunk spines is present in
n. sp., comprising 35-42 and 25-45 circles in males and females, respectively. All four species were also characterised based on the 18S, 28S, and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA molecular markers. The Bayesian inference tree generated based on these markers showed distinct identities of all the species, with a significant molecular divergence, ranging from 3.2 to 53.6%.
To describe the epidemiology, management and outcome of individuals with mucormycosis; and to evaluate the risk factors associated with mortality.
We conducted a prospective observational study ...involving consecutive individuals with proven mucormycosis across 12 centres from India. The demographic profile, microbiology, predisposing factors, management and 90-day mortality were recorded; risk factors for mortality were analysed.
We included 465 patients. Rhino-orbital mucormycosis was the most common (315/465, 67.7%) presentation followed by pulmonary (62/465, 13.3%), cutaneous (49/465, 10.5%), and others. The predisposing factors included diabetes mellitus (342/465, 73.5%), malignancy (42/465, 9.0%), transplant (36/465, 7.7%), and others. Rhizopus species (231/290, 79.7%) were the most common followed by Apophysomyces variabilis (23/290, 7.9%), and several rare Mucorales. Surgical treatment was performed in 62.2% (289/465) of the participants. Amphotericin B was the primary therapy in 81.9% (381/465), and posaconazole was used as combination therapy in 53 (11.4%) individuals. Antifungal therapy was inappropriate in 7.6% (30/394) of the individuals. The 90-day mortality rate was 52% (242/465). On multivariate analysis, disseminated and rhino-orbital (with cerebral extension) mucormycosis, shorter duration of symptoms, shorter duration of antifungal therapy, and treatment with amphotericin B deoxycholate (versus liposomal) were independent risk factors of mortality. A combined medical and surgical management was associated with a better survival.
Diabetes mellitus was the dominant predisposing factor in all forms of mucormycosis. Combined surgical and medical management was associated with better outcomes. Several gaps surfaced in the management of mucormycosis. The rarer Mucorales identified in the study warrant further evaluation.
Aim
Dietary intervention using probiotic bacteria has emerged as a promising preventive strategy in addressing foodborne infections or gastrointestinal disorders. This study investigated the ...immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus fermentum (MTCC‐5898) on Escherichia coli‐induced inflammatory responses in intestinal epithelial cells.
Methods and Results
The immune response of intestinal cells (Caco‐2) in the presence of probiotic Lact. fermentum was determined during exclusion, competition and displacement of E. coli as the inflammatory agent. To achieve this objective, transcriptional modulation of key immune‐related genes (cytokines, pattern recognition receptors and NF‐κB), release of cytokines and nuclear translocation of the NF‐κB subunit p‐65 were studied. Expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐8, TNF‐α, IFN‐ϒ and IL‐23 was high in E. coli‐exposed intestinal cells. However, overexpression of these E. coli‐induced pro‐inflammatory cytokines was prevented by Lact. fermentum during exclusion and competition assays. It also modulated the transcriptional expression of regulatory cytokines (IL‐10 and TGF‐β), pattern recognition receptors (TLR‐2 and TLR‐4) and genes associated with master inflammatory regulators (NF‐κB and SIGIRR) to reduce E. coli‐induced inflammation. The protective effect of Lact. fermentum was further confirmed by suppression of nuclear translocation of cytoplasmic NF‐κB subunit (p‐65).
Conclusion
Lactobacillus fermentum alleviated E. coli‐induced inflammatory responses by modulating the NF‐κB signalling besides pro‐inflammatory and regulatory cytokines expression.
Significance and Impact of the Study
Lactobacillus fermentum holds significant promise as a potent nutraceutical that prevents and manages inflammatory gut‐associated dysfunctions.
Most metal polluted natural environments are contaminated with multiple metals, and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are among the extracellular strategies to avoid metal toxicity. To understand the ...interaction between Cd, Zn and AM fungi Glomus mosseae, two genotypes (Sel 85N and P792) of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.), differing in their metal tolerance, were chosen for study. Results revealed that root dry weights were more severely affected than shoot dry weights as both the metals were accumulated in roots than in the aerial parts. Mycorrhization promoted biomass yields by decreasing metal content in plant tissues. Exposure to the metals resulted in oxidative burst (high H2O2, malondialdehyde contents and electrolyte leakage), which was accompanied by decreased membrane stability. However, increase in the level of total non‐protein thiols (TNP‐SH) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and glutathione reductase (GR) suggested that all these parameters were synergistic in combating heavy‐metal‐induced oxidative stress. Zn supplementation proved to be inhibitory for Cd‐induced oxidative stress. AM fungi alleviated oxidative stress through enhanced production of TNP‐SH as well as through upregulation of antioxidant enzymes. Sel 85N exhibited lesser oxidative damage and more efficient defence mechanism than P792.
G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) expression is extensively studied in bulk cDNA, but heterogeneity and functional patterning of GPCR expression in individual vascular cells is poorly understood. ...Here, we perform a microfluidic-based single-cell GPCR expression analysis in primary smooth muscle cells (SMC) and endothelial cells (EC). GPCR expression is highly heterogeneous in all cell types, which is confirmed in reporter mice, on the protein level and in human cells. Inflammatory activation in murine models of sepsis or atherosclerosis results in characteristic changes in the GPCR repertoire, and we identify functionally relevant subgroups of cells that are characterized by specific GPCR patterns. We further show that dedifferentiating SMC upregulate GPCRs such as Gpr39, Gprc5b, Gprc5c or Gpr124, and that selective targeting of Gprc5b modulates their differentiation state. Taken together, single-cell profiling identifies receptors expressed on pathologically relevant subpopulations and provides a basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies in vascular diseases.
Quality of clinical trials has improved steadily over last two decades, but certain areas in trial methodology still require special attention like in sample size calculation. The sample size is one ...of the basic steps in planning any clinical trial and any negligence in its calculation may lead to rejection of true findings and false results may get approval. Although statisticians play a major role in sample size estimation basic knowledge regarding sample size calculation is very sparse among most of the anesthesiologists related to research including under trainee doctors. In this review, we will discuss how important sample size calculation is for research studies and the effects of underestimation or overestimation of sample size on project′s results. We have highlighted the basic concepts regarding various parameters needed to calculate the sample size along with examples.
In India, due to manpower constraints, patients' family members are often actively involved in healthcare activities of their near and dear ones. They have significant contact with the patient at all ...World Health Organization (WHO) ‘five moments for hand hygiene’. This study analysed the impact of decade-long awareness campaigns on the hand hygiene compliance (HHC) by our patients' carers.
Trained infection control nurses observed the HHC at each of the five moments for patients' attendants in different hospital settings from January 2014 to December 2018. Compliance was calculated as percentage of events divided by total opportunities.
A total of 7302 opportunities were observed with an overall compliance of 46.1% (35.5% in 2014 to 48.2% in 2018, P < 0.0001). Compliance at WHO moments 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 was 51.0%, 47.4%, 67.6%, 48.8%, and 24.3% respectively. Among family members, mothers of newborns had a much higher HHC (77%) than others (44.5%) (P < 0.0001). Also, the compliance was higher in medical versus surgical wards and in paediatric wards versus adult wards (P < 0.0001 in both).
This is the first study on family members' HHC in a hospital setting in a low- and middle-income country. The study shows that family members, once trained, exhibit fairly good HHC while caring for their patients, especially mothers of newborns. It is worthwhile empowering and educating patient attendants about the importance and process of hand hygiene as it is likely to result in immense benefit for patients.
The condensation of propargylated vanillin with differently substituted acetophenones produced the corresponding chalcones which were reacted with substituted benzyl azides using the click chemistry ...technique to afford triazole–chalcone hybrids in 34–93% yields. The synthesized hybrid compounds were evaluated for their antitubercular activity, and the results showed synergistic effect of the triazole and chalcone pharmacophores combined in a single molecule. The most potent compounds were characterized by a MIC value of 1.6 μg/mL. Molecular docking studies of the most active compounds against the mycobacterial protein PDB 4Y6U were performed.
Wake Up: it’s Time to Bloom Kumar, A.; Choudhary, A.; Kaur, N. ...
Russian journal of plant physiology,
07/2021, Letnik:
68, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The transition from vegetative to floral buds is a complex phenomenon regulated by many factors. The timing of floral transduction has a direct impact on the reproductive success and is influenced by ...physiological signals mediated endogenously as well as exogenously. Flowering is the first step of sexual reproduction, so it is important to find out the factors that regulate the signals during the transition phase. The instance of floral evocation has started an unstoppable cascade on the path of reproductive success which can be regulated by sensible signals. The receptivity and inductive signals essential for flowering vary in plant species, and, create a line of differentiation, although basic calls are conserved. The transition progression in plants for blooming under diverse environmental facilities provokes the identity to force the change from vegetative to reproductive phase. Winter memory, light flakes, endogenous hormonal cycling, nutrient status, and contiguous environments are all the factors which set the center stage for flowering. Flowering is well-established by approaches which work in a combinatorial manner and, ensure a cushion for the plant to create a miniature for future. In this review, we provide a detailed outlook on fundamental cues instigating blooming: where, how and when the flowering signals are created.
Focusing on Weibull failure rules, which govern the stopping of components, this work evaluates reliability metrics such as stability and the mean time to system failure (MTSF) of a structure that is ...parallel. These metrics' behaviour has been seen for one or two decimal random values of component failure rates, operation times, form parameters, and the total quantity of components used in the parallel structure. In order to analyze the variation in the ethics of reliability as well as MTSF, the particular case of the Weibull distribution has also been taken up.
PDF
