•The unsteady nucleate boiling of subcooled water was investigated.•The data of 34 experiments was processed, 3034 maximum diameters were detected.•We found that the increased heat flux results in ...reduction of the maximum diameter.•The experimental data was compared with the Prodanovic and Song correlations.•We conclude that the analytical approaches cannot be used for the unsteady nucleation.
This paper presents results of the experimental study of the subcooled boiling flow on the surface of the vertical cylindrical steel heater. The initial stages of formation of the fully developed nucleate boiling were investigated over the unsteady stepwise heat flux range from 0.56 to 1.76 MW/m2. The field temperature of heated liquid layers at the moment of the bubble departure was described by numerical modeling under nonstationary conditions. A high-speed digital video camera was used to capture the bubble dynamics. The effects of heat release conditions and inlet water temperature on the bubble maximum diameter and nucleation frequency were studied. We found that the increased heat flux results in reduction of the maximum diameter at non-stationary heat release. Calculations on the basis of prediction models showed that the non-stationary nucleate boiling data cannot be generalized using the models developed by Prodanovic et al. (2002) and Song (2016) with the coefficients obtained for the stationary boiling. However, the heat balance approach to calculation of the bubble maximum diameter proved to be promising, and the correlation between the bubble diameter and the overheated layer thickness was verified.
Characterization of the prostate cancer transcriptome and genome has identified chromosomal rearrangements and copy number gains and losses, including ETS gene family fusions, PTEN loss and androgen ...receptor (AR) amplification, which drive prostate cancer development and progression to lethal, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, less is known about the role of mutations. Here we sequenced the exomes of 50 lethal, heavily pre-treated metastatic CRPCs obtained at rapid autopsy (including three different foci from the same patient) and 11 treatment-naive, high-grade localized prostate cancers. We identified low overall mutation rates even in heavily treated CRPCs (2.00 per megabase) and confirmed the monoclonal origin of lethal CRPC. Integrating exome copy number analysis identified disruptions of CHD1 that define a subtype of ETS gene family fusion-negative prostate cancer. Similarly, we demonstrate that ETS2, which is deleted in approximately one-third of CRPCs (commonly through TMPRSS2:ERG fusions), is also deregulated through mutation. Furthermore, we identified recurrent mutations in multiple chromatin- and histone-modifying genes, including MLL2 (mutated in 8.6% of prostate cancers), and demonstrate interaction of the MLL complex with the AR, which is required for AR-mediated signalling. We also identified novel recurrent mutations in the AR collaborating factor FOXA1, which is mutated in 5 of 147 (3.4%) prostate cancers (both untreated localized prostate cancer and CRPC), and showed that mutated FOXA1 represses androgen signalling and increases tumour growth. Proteins that physically interact with the AR, such as the ERG gene fusion product, FOXA1, MLL2, UTX (also known as KDM6A) and ASXL1 were found to be mutated in CRPC. In summary, we describe the mutational landscape of a heavily treated metastatic cancer, identify novel mechanisms of AR signalling deregulated in prostate cancer, and prioritize candidates for future study.
Preterm birth (PTB) increases the risk of various acute and chronic morbidities and premature mortality in children under 5 years of age. The present study examines the association between different ...maternal obstetric factors and PTB. In addition, this study estimates the risk of neonatal mortality among children born preterm.
Retrospective two-stage stratified sample design.
The weighted prevalence of PTB was estimated using data on 148,746 most recent institutional births from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4, 2015–16. The Poisson regression model was used to investigate the association between maternal obstetric factors and PTB. Using Cox's proportional hazard model, the risk of neonatal mortality among PTBs was estimated.
Maternal obstetric factors, such as minimal antenatal care, delivery complications, history of previous caesarean delivery and delivery at private health facilities, were significantly associated with an increased risk of PTB. The survival probability of preterm babies sharply declined in the first week of life and thereafter was found to stabilise. The risk of mortality in the first 28 days of life increased 2.5-fold if the baby was born preterm. Optimising antenatal care was found to lower the likelihood of PTB and improve their chances of survival.
Antenatal care services and delivery care practices in private facilities were strongly associated with the incidence and survival of PTB. Evaluating associations of history of caesarean births on future pregnancies can help understand their deleterious effects on PTB. Affordable, accessible and available antenatal care services, in both public and private facilities, can increase the survival rates of PTBs.
The glass transition temperature is a vital property of polymers with a direct impact on their stability. In the present study, we built quantitative structure-property relationship models for the ...prediction of the glass transition temperatures of polymers using a data set of 206 diverse polymers. Various 2D molecular descriptors were computed from the single repeating units of polymers. We derived five models from different combinations of six descriptors in each case by employing the double cross-validation technique followed by partial least squares regression. The selected models were subsequently validated by methods such as cross-validation, external validation using test set compounds, the Y-randomization (Y-scrambling) test and an applicability domain study of the developed models. All of the models have statistically significant metric values such as r
2
ranging from 0.713-0.759, Q
2
ranging from 0.662-0.724 and
ranging 0.702-0.805. Finally, a comparison was made with recently published models, though the previous models were based on a much smaller data set with limited diversity. We also used a true external set to demonstrate the performance of our developed models, which may be used for the prediction and design of novel polymers prior to their synthesis.
This study reports for the first-time antioxidant activity and flavonoid composition of KP onion landrace which is useful for future breeding programs and to obtain geographical indication (GI) tag ...for the benefit of farmers. The present study was aimed to determine antioxidant capacity and flavonoid composition of bulbs of red onion (
Allium cepa
L.) landrace ‘
Krishnapuram
’ (KP) from India using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-Electrospray Ionization (ESI)-multistage Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry (ITMS). The antioxidant activity was assayed by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and hypochlorous acid (HClO)-induced oxidative damage in human erythrocytes. The total phenolic (TPC) contents in KP onion bulb extract (with 80% methanol) found to be 1.10 ± 0.2 mg GAE/g FW and 38.88 ± 1.0 µM QE/g. The FRAP activity measured for the bulb extract was 13.20 ± 0.1 µM QE/g. KP onion bulb extracts protected red blood cells (RBC) effectively (23%) against the oxidative damage induced by HClO. HPLC-ESI-ITMS analysis showed the presence of eight flavonols and five anthocyanins. Quercetin 3,4′-
O
-diglucoside (384.71 ± 0.49 mg/kg FW) and cyanidin 3-(6′′-malonylglucoside) (20.95 ± 0.60 mg/kg FW) were detected as major flavonol and anthocyanin, respectively. The study suggests that KP onion has a considerable antioxidant activity due to the presence of high TPC. Moreover, quercetin glucosides are found to be more abundant than quercetin. The differences in quercetin glycosides content among different red onions could be useful for breeding programmes in the future.
To improve understanding of the factors influencing tuberculosis transmission and the role of pathogen variation, we sequenced all available specimens from patients diagnosed over 15 years in a whole ...district in Malawi. Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages were assigned and transmission networks constructed, allowing ≤10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) difference. We defined disease as due to recent infection if the network-determined source was within 5 years, and assessed transmissibility from forward transmissions resulting in disease. High-quality sequences were available for 1687 disease episodes (72% of all culture-positive episodes): 66% of patients linked to at least one other patient. The between-patient mutation rate was 0.26 SNPs/year (95% CI 0.21-0.31). We showed striking differences by lineage in the proportion of disease due to recent transmission and in transmissibility (highest for lineage-2 and lowest for lineage-1) that were not confounded by immigration, HIV status or drug resistance. Transmissions resulting in disease decreased markedly over time.
In the current investigation, nanocrystalline multicomponent high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have been synthesized in the Cu
x
Zn
y
Ti
20
Fe
20
Cr
20
system (
x
/
y
= 1/0, 3/1, 1; and
x
+
y
= 40) by ...mechanical alloying and subsequently consolidated using spark plasma sintering (SPS) in argon atmosphere at a pressure of 50 MPa. A detailed X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy study reveals the presence of both FCC copper solid-solution, (Cu)
ss
and BCC chromium solid-solution, (Cr)
ss
phases in both the mechanically alloyed powders as well as the sintered compacts. The phase formation and stability of the sintered multicomponent Cu
x
Zn
y
Ti
20
Fe
20
Cr
20
with
x
/
y
= 3/1 and
x
+
y
= 40 pellet have been studied at different sintering temperatures,
i.e.
, 873 K, 973 K, 1073 K, and 1173 K (600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C). The important findings include that high Vickers bulk hardness of around 6 GPa and relative density of around 95 pct reported in the Cu
x
Zn
y
Ti
20
Fe
20
Cr
20
with
x
/
y
= 3/1 and
x
+
y
= 40 HEAs, SPSed at 1173 K (900 °C). The formation, consolidation, and microstructural details are analyzed critically and discussed.
Objectives
The Retrospective Assessment of the Lithium Response Phenotype Scale (Alda scale) is the most widely used clinical measure of lithium response phenotypes. We assess its performance against ...recommended psychometric and clinimetric standards.
Methods
We used data from the Consortium for Lithium Genetics and a French study of lithium response phenotypes (combined sample >2500) to assess reproducibility, responsiveness, validity, and interpretability of the A scale (assessing change in illness activity), the B scale, and its items (assessing confounders of response) and the previously established response categories derived from the Total Score for the Alda scale.
Results
The key findings are that the B scale is vulnerable to error measurement. For example, some items contribute little to overall performance of the Alda scale (eg, B2) and that the B scale does not reliably assess a single construct (uncertainty in response). Machine learning models indicate that it may be more useful to employ an algorithm for combining the ratings of individual B items in a sequence that clarifies the noise to signal ratio instead of using a composite score.
Conclusions
This study highlights three important topics. First, empirical approaches can help determine which aspects of the performance of any scale can be improved. Second, the B scale of the Alda is best applied as a multidimensional index (identifying several independent confounders of the assessment of response). Third, an integrated science approach to precision psychiatry is vital, otherwise phenotypic misclassifications will undermine the reliability and validity of findings from genetics and biomarker studies.
Estimating TB survival - mind the immortal-time gap Houben, R M G J; McCaffrey, T; Tiemersma, E W ...
The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease,
2024-Jan-01, Letnik:
28, Številka:
1
Journal Article
PDF
