This article proposes an environmental cognition method for execution on a graphics processing unit (GPU) oriented single-board computer (SBC). We develop a lightweight environmental cognition system ...for real-time mapping by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) by considering the weight of a cognition system as a tradeoff between the flight time and mapping efficiency and loss of environmental cognition capabilities. Heavy systems consume battery power rapidly while ensuring high computational performance and impacting flight envelope. The proposed method enhances real-time mapping speed by using GPU parallelism and minimizing the data transfer between the embedded central processing unit (CPU) and GPU. Specifically, the point cloud data (PCD) from the light detection and ranging are transformed into global coordinates and voxelized. The occupancies of the voxels are updated in a probabilistic manner to eliminate dynamic noise. The analysis of field tests confirms that the proposed method generated and updated the voxel map in real time without losses. In contrast, Octomap executed on a CPU- or GPU-oriented SBC generated and updated the voxel map in a limited manner, resulting in the significant loss of PCD due to the computational burden or heavy data transfer traffic from GPU to CPU. The proposed method contributes to develop a smart environmental cognition system for the autonomous flight of UAVs.
The study proposes a rotational multipyramid network (RoMP Net) with bounding‐box transformation for object detection. The RoMP Net is a single‐stage object detection neural network featuring three ...characteristics. First, the network uses a rotational bounding box to minimize the effect of background images when extracting features of objects. Bounding‐box transformation was proposed to compensate for the limitation of the rotational bounding boxes, which have relatively low prediction accuracy for objects with a high aspect ratio. Second, the RoMP Net introduces a multi‐scale and multi‐level feature pyramid network to extract distinct and semantic features efficiently. This network architecture ensures high prediction accuracy and robustness regardless of the size and complexity of objects. Third, hyperparameters in the bounding boxes are automatically determined through an unsupervised clustering method. This optimization method is also critical in improving accuracy. The performance of the proposed network and preprocessing methods are validated through image‐sets comprising critical components in power transmission facilities, which have a variety of sizes and aspect ratios. This case study demonstrates the effectiveness and robustness of the three key characteristics in the RoMP Net. Furthermore, the RoMP Net outperforms other state‐of‐the‐art deep neural networks in prediction accuracy and robustness for object detection. Specifically, the mean average precision of the RoMP Net in the validation image‐sets shows that it has the highest prediction accuracy, whereas its values in the test image‐sets confirm the network's robustness. The fast yet accurate RoMP Net will expand the range of object detection through deep neural networks.
Generally, soil moisture and salinity in reclaimed land are monitored using soil dielectric sensors such as time domain reflectometry, frequency domain reflectometry, and capacitance. The soil ...dielectric sensor measures apparent dielectric permittivity. However, apparent dielectric permittivity is affected by soil moisture, salinity, and texture. In this study, performance evaluation and calibration of a dielectric sensor (5TE; METER Group, Inc., Pullman, WA, USA) for monitoring soil salinity were performed. Laboratory calibration tests were completed, incorporating various levels of dry density, water content, and salinity. The soil salinity was determined by the electrical conductivity (EC)1:5 method. The volumetric water content as measured by the sensor was affected by dry density and water content. Generally, it linearly increased as dry density and water content increased. However, when dry density or water content was high, the measured value of the sensor increased nonlinearly. The bulk EC measured by sensor had no specific correlation with EC1:5. The EC1:5 measurement had a linear relationship with the gradient of θ and θs. Therefore, it can be estimated with a simple linear equation using θ from the soil test and θs from the capacitance sensor. The R2 value of the EC1:5 estimation equation was 0.98. The proposed equation requires θ from the gravimetric sample and θs from the sensor. Therefore, in the case of monitoring salinity using a sensor, it is recommended to measure the water content with a tensiometer.
Escin, a naturally derived material isolated from horse chestnut, is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-edema agent. This study aimed to evaluate its effects on lymphedema in a rat tail model. We ...divided the rats into five groups. The treatment groups received topical application of escin gel at concentrations of 20%, 10%, 2%, and 0.5% for 4 weeks. The fifth group served as a control. We performed volumetric (water displacement) tests, H&E staining, and LYVE-1 immunohistochemical staining, followed by statistical evaluation. All treatment groups showed significant volumetric reductions compared with the control group, but no significant differences were observed between the treatment groups. H&E staining showed a significant reduction in dermal thickness in the 20%, 10%, and 2% escin treatment groups compared to the control group. Within the treatment groups, the 2% escin group showed a significant difference compared with the 20% and 10% escin groups (p = 0.021 for both). LYVE-1 immunohistochemical staining revealed a significantly higher mean lymphatic vessel count in the 2% escin group compared with the 20%, 10%, and 0.5% escin-treated groups and the control group (p = 0.019, p = 0.025, p = 0.019, and p = 0.032 respectively). Topical escin applied to a rat tail model of acute lymphedema resulted in a significant reduction in tail volume, reduced dermal thickness, and increased lymphatic structures. The 2% escin concentration may be the optimal dose for improving lymphedema in this model. Further research is warranted to explore the clinical application of escin in patients with lymphedema.
나선선충 접종 밀도가 토마토 생육에 미치는 영향 김동근 · 류영현 · 이윤수 · 최인수 · 허창석
Sigmulbyeong yeon'gu,
2014, Letnik:
20, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to examine the effect of initial population density (Pi) of Helicotylenchus dihystera on six commercial tomato cultivars. Two-week-old tomato seedlings of six ...commercial cultivars were transplanted in d-10-cm clay pot and was inoculated with to give 0, 0.02, 0.2, and 2 nematodes/g soil. Plants were grown in a greenhouse for 60 days. Root and plant weights were unaffected but plant height declined only at inoculum level of 2 nematodes/g soil. At the highest initial population density (2 nematodes/g soil), plant height of tomato cv. Poseidon was reduced by 24%. Tomato cv. Hoyong produced the most nematodes with 7.0 nematodes/g soil and the least was tomato cv. Miniheuksu with 2.2 nematodes/g soil. 나선선충 접종 밀도가 토마토의 생육에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자, 시판 토마토 6품종을 직경 10-cm 토화분에 심고, 나선선충을 0, 0.02, 0.2, 2마리/g 토양 수준으로 접종하여 60일간 온실에서 재배하였다. 나선선충은 식물체의 무게나 뿌리의 무게에는 영향을 미치지 않았으나 키에는 영향을 주었는데(P < 0.05), 토양 g 당 나선선충 2마리 접종 시 포세이돈 품종은 무처리에 비하여 키가 24% 위축되었다. 나선선충을 접종하였을 때(2마리/g 토양), 가장 나선선충의 선충의 증식이 많았던 토마토 품종은 호용으로 최종 선충 밀도는 7.0마리/g 토양 이었고, 가장 나선선충의 선충의 증식이 적었던 토마토 품종은 미니흑수품종으로 최종 선충 밀도는 2.2마리/g 토양 이었다.
A total of 2,714 methanol extracts of 1,677 plant species in 178 families were screened for nemastatic activity against Rhabditis sp. by 96-well microplate bioassay. The plant extracts with a ...concentration of $5,000{\mu}g/ml$ were mixed with aqueous nematode solution containing about 20 Rhabditis sp. and their activity was examined daily for 7 days. Out of 2,714 plant extracts examined in this test, 2,362 (87.0%) showed no negative influence on the nematode activity, while 187 (6.9%) inhibited nematode activity about 50%, 95 (3.5%) inhibited nematode activity over 90%, and 70 (2.6%) rather enhanced nematode activity. Among those showing over 50% nemastatic activity, 25 extracts were randomly selected for further screening with Rhabditis sp. and with juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita. The screening revealed that 11 extracts (44%) were consistently nemastatic. The 282 extracts with nemastatic activity could be of use in future studies on nematicidal plants. 식물 기원의 살선충 물질 탐색 연구의 일환으로, 178과, 1,677종 식물의 부위별 조추출물 2,714종을 이용하여 이들이 선충의 활성에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 선충억제 활성 검정은 96-well microplate를 이용하였으며 부식성선충 20마리를 조추출물 $5,000{\mu}g/ml$에 침지하고 7일간 매일 관찰하였다. 시험결과 2,362종(87.0%)의 조추출물은 부식성선충에 전혀 영향을 미치지 않았고, 187종(6.9%)의 조추출물은 부식성선충의 활성을 50% 정도 억제하였고, 95종(3.5%)의 조추출물은 90% 이상 억제를 보였으며, 70종(2.6%)의 조추출물에서는 오히려 부식성선충이 번식되었다. 1차 검정에서 50% 이상 선충억제 활성을 보인 추출물중에서, 25개의 추출물을 임의로 선택하여 2, 3차(부식성선충), 4차(고구마뿌리혹선충 유충) 반복 시험을 수행한 결과, 약 44%의 시료는 지속적인 선충억제 활성을 보였다. 이번 시험에서 선충억제 활성을 나타낸 282개의 식물 조추출물은 앞으로 식물 기원의 살선충 물질 연구시 참고 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.
A total of 75 soybean cultivars developed in Korea was screened against soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines HG type 2.5. Cysts developed on soybean cultivars ranged from 104 to 624 cysts ...per pot. There was no resistant cultivar but 'Jangyeopkong', 'Saealkong', 'Miryangkong', and 'Mansukong' were moderately resistant; 33 cultivars were moderately susceptible and the other cultivars were susceptible. 'Jangyeopkong', 'Saealkong', 'Miryangkong', and 'Mansukong' could be recommended for soybean fields infested with SCN until developing SCN resistant soybean. 국내에서 육성된 75개 콩 장려품종에 대하여 콩 씨스트선충 HG type 2.5에 대한 저항성을 검정하였다. 품종에 따라 콩 씨스트선충의 증식 정도는 104-624 씨스트/화분이었다. 국내 콩 장려 품종 중에서 콩 씨스트선충 HG type 2.5에 대한 저항성 품종은 없었으며, '장엽콩', '새알콩', '밀양콩', '만석콩'은 중간저항성, 33품종은 중간감수성, 나머지 38품종은 감수성으로 판정되었다. 국내에서 저항성 장려품종이 육성되기까지 콩 씨스트선충의 피해가 심한 포장에는 '장엽콩', '새알콩', '밀양콩', '만석콩'을 심도록 추천하는 것이 좋겠다.
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are among the main pathogens of greenhouse crops worldwide. Plant resistance is currently the method of choice for controlling these pests. To select resistant ...tomato against two common species of root-knot nematodes, M. incognita and M. arenaria, 36 commercial tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars were screened. Seventeen tomato cultivars were resistant to both root-knot nematodes: six in cherry tomato, 'Tenten', 'Cadillac', 'Cutti', 'Sweet', 'Ppotto', 'Lycopin-9', eight in globe tomato, 'Lovely 240', 'Dotaerang Dia', 'Cupirang', 'Dotaerang Master', 'Super Dotaerang', 'Dotaerang Season', 'Miroku', 'Hoyong', and three in root stock, 'Special', 'Fighting', and 'Magnet'. 국내에서 시판되고 있는 토마토 36품종을 이용하여 국내 시설재배지에서 가장 많이 분포하고 있는 두 종의 뿌리혹선충, Meloidogyne arenaria와 M. incognita에 대한 저항성을 검정하였다. 방울토마토 중에서는 '텐텐', '캐딜락', '큐티', '스위트', '뽀또', '리코핀-9' 등 6품종, 완숙토마토 중에서 '러브리240', '도테랑다이아', '큐피랑', '도테랑마스터', '슈퍼도태랑', '도태랑시즌', '마이로꾸', '호용' 등 8품종, 대목은 '스페셜', '파이팅', '마그네트' 등 3품종이 두 종류의 뿌리혹선충에 모두 강한 저항성이었다.
To select resistant vegetables against two species of root-knot nematodes, M. incognita and M. arenaria, 39 vegetables belongs to 7 families, 13 genera, 25 species were screened in greenhouse pot ...test. Susceptible vegetables to both nematodes were amarath and leaf beet in Amaranthaceae, Malabar spinach in Basellaceae, Moroheiya in Tiliaceae, and Water-convolvulus in Convolvulaceae, Pak-choi in Brassica campestris var. chinensis, Tah tasai in B. campestris var. narinosa, B. campestris var. chinensis x narinosa, Leaf mustard, Mustard green in B. juncea, Kyona in B. juncea var. laciniate, Choy sum in B. rapa subsp. arachinenesis, Kairan in B. oleracea var. alboglabra, Arugula in Eruca sativa, Garland chrysanthemum in Chrysanthemum coronarium, Endive in Cichorium endivia, Artichoke in Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus, Lettuce in Lactuca sativa. Resistant to M. arenaria but susceptible to M. incognita were B. oleracea cv. Matjjang kale, B. oleracea var. gongyloides cv. Jeok kohlrabi, and C. intybus cv. Radicchio. Resistant vegetables to both nematodes were C. intybus cv. Sugar loaf, Grumoro, Radichio treviso, B. oleracea cv. Manchu collard, Super matjjang, B. oleracea italica, B. oleracea var. botrytis italiana, and Perilla in Lamiaceae. Vegetables resistant to both species of root-knot nematodes could be used as high-valued rotation crops in greenhouses where root-knot nematodes are problem. 새로운 채소류를 뿌리혹선충이 감염된 시설재배지에 윤작작물로 추천하기 위하여 7과 13속, 25종, 총 39품종을 고구마뿌리혹선충과 땅콩뿌리혹선충을 대상으로 저항성을 검정하였다. 2종류의 뿌리혹선충에 모두 감수성인 것은 비름과(Amaranthaceae)의 아마란서스와 근대, 낙규과(Basellaceae)의 바우세, 피나무과(Tiliaceae)의 모로헤이야, 메꽃과(Convolvulaceae)의 공심채, 십자화의 청경채, 홍채태(Brassica campestris var. chinensis), 다채(B. campestris var. narinosa), '다청채'(B. campestris var. chinensis x narinosa), 갓, 곱슬겨자(B. juncea), 교나(B. juncea var. laciniate), 채심(B. rapa subsp. arachinenesis), 가이란(B. oleracea var. alboglabra), 로케트샐러드(Eruca sativa), 국화과(Asteraceae)의 쑥갓(Chrysanthemum coronarium), 엔다이브(Cichorium endivia), 아티쵸크(Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus), 상추(Lactuca sativa)였다. M. incognita에는 저항성이나 M. arenaria에는 감수성인 것은 십자화과의 케일(B. oleracea) cv. 맛짱, 콜라비(B. oleracea var. gongyloides) cv. 적콜라비, 치커리(C. intybus) cv. 적치커리였다. 두 종류의 뿌리혹선충에 모두 저항성인 것은 치커리(C. intybus) cv. 슈가로프, 구루모, 통콘네로네(radichio treviso), 십자화과의 케일(B. oleracea) cv. 만추콜라드, 슈퍼맛짱 브로콜리(B. oleracea italica), 잎브로콜리(B. oleracea var. botrytis italiana), 꿀풀과(Lamiaceae)의 차즈기, 들깨였다. 2종류의 뿌리혹선충에 모두 저항성인 채소류는 뿌리혹선충이 감염된 시설재배지에서 부가가치가 높은 저항성 윤작작물로 사용이 가능할 것이다.
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