Solution processing, including printing technology, is a promising technique for oxide thin‐film transistor (TFTs) fabrication because it tends to be a cost‐effective process with high composition ...controllability and high throughput. However, solution‐processed oxide TFTs are limited by low‐performance and stability issues, which require high‐temperature annealing. This high thermal budget in the fabrication process inhibits oxide TFTs from being applied to flexible electronics. There have been numerous attempts to promote the desired electrical characteristics of solution‐processed oxide TFTs at lower fabrication temperatures. Recent techniques for achieving low‐temperature (<350 °C) solution‐processed and printed oxide TFTs, in terms of the materials, processes, and structural engineering methods currently in use are reviewed. Moreover, the core techniques for both n‐type and p‐type oxide‐based channel layers, gate dielectric layers, and electrode layers in oxide TFTs are addressed. Finally, various multifunctional and emerging applications based on low‐temperature solution‐processed oxide TFTs are introduced and future outlooks for this highly promising research are suggested.
Solution‐processed oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs) conventionally require high‐temperature annealing, which may hinder their potential application in flexible devices. To solve this problem, this review provides the latest approaches for achieving low‐temperature (<350 °C) solution‐processed and printed oxide TFTs in terms of the materials, processes, and structural engineering methods, and perspectives for emerging flexible applications.
Mechanical metamaterials possess unusual mechanical properties that cannot be found in nature. Auxetic metamaterials have negative Poisson's ratios and tend to expand in a direction perpendicular to ...the axial extension direction. When the Poisson's ratio of a display circuit board is forced to be −1 by adopting an auxetic metamaterial, a display can be stretchable without image distortion, and this display is called a meta‐display in this study. The critical obstacles to implementing a stretchable display are large stretchability, high deformation uniformity, and low image distortion. The meta‐display overcomes these obstacles by incorporating micro‐LEDs and a kirigami‐based auxetic circuit board. An auxetic meta‐display with a stretchability of 24.5%, Poisson's ratio of −1, and no image distortion under uniaxial stretching is demonstrated. Finally, the roll transfer process enabled the scaling‐up of a 3‐inch meta‐display attachable to surfaces with non‐zero Gaussian curvatures. This conformity to the non‐zero Gaussian curvature helps realize biomedical applications such as wearable display, phototherapy, and skincare.
An auxetic meta‐display overcomes the obstacles of conventional stretchable displays by realizing large stretchability, high deformation uniformity, and low image distortion. It is fabricated by transferring micro‐LEDs on the circuit board based on auxetic metamaterials, and exhibits conformal wrapping on non‐Gaussian surfaces, enabling a skin‐attachable biomedical device.
The development of input device technology in a conformal and stretchable format is important for the advancement of various wearable electronics. Herein, we report a capacitive touch sensor with ...good sensing capabilities in both contact and noncontact modes, enabled by the use of graphene and a thin device geometry. This device can be integrated with highly deformable areas of the human body, such as the forearms and palms. This touch sensor detects multiple touch signals in acute recordings and recognizes the distance and shape of the approaching objects before direct contact is made. This technology offers a convenient and immersive human–machine interface and additional potential utility as a multifunctional sensor for emerging wearable electronics and robotics.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between grip strength and hypertension in the Korean population aged 65 years or older. Furthermore, individual differences in BMI were ...taken into account to examine whether grip strength or a relative grip strength predicted hypertension better.
Data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing from 2006 to 2016 were assessed, and a total of 3,383 participants were analyzed in our study (Male: 1,527, Female: 1,856). Using the generalized estimating equation model, the association between grip strength and hypertension, assessed by the response to the question 'have you ever been diagnosed with hypertension from your doctor?', over the follow-up period was analyzed. The relative grip strength, calculated by dividing the mean grip strength by BMI, was also analyzed in association of hypertension.
Both grip strength and relative grip strength were significantly associated with hypertension in our sample. However, the results were more significant in the total sample when relative grip strength was used. In terms of grip strength, as the High group as reference: Low (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.238, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.096, 1.397), Middle Low (OR: 1.104, 95% CI: 0.990, 1.231), and Middle high (OR: 1.024, 95% CI: 0.934, 1.122). In the analysis using relative grip strength, as High group as reference: Low (OR: 1.393, 95% CI: 1.234, 1.573), Middle low (OR: 1.232, 95% CI: 1.104, 1.374), and Middle high (OR:1.104, 95% CI: 1.009, 1.209). Furthermore, the lower QIC measure in the model with relative grip strength (QIC: 25,251) compared with the one using grip strength (QIC: 25,266) indicated a better model fit in the former.
The results of the current study strengthen the previous findings in regards to hand grip strength and health. Furthermore, the results of our study shines light on the necessity of considering individual differences in BMI, when using a physical measure as a study variable.
The poor cycling stability and low volumetric energy density of lithium–sulfur batteries compared with lithium‐ion batteries are hindering their practical applications. Here, it is demonstrated that ...a dense sulfur electrode containing heavy TiS2/TiO2@MXene heterostructures can tackle these issues. It is observed that the TiO2 part functionally anchors the lithium polysulfides through the strong chemical affinity, and the TiS2 part serves as an efficient electrocatalyst to enhance the kinetics of sulfur evolution reactions. Benefitting from these synergistic effects, the TiS2/TiO2@MXene heterostructures effectively suppress the shuttle effects, leading to superior cyclability of the sulfur cathode with a low capacity decay of 0.038% per cycle for 500 cycles at a current rate of 1 C. More encouragingly, a highly dense S/TiS2/TiO2@MXene cathode exhibits a high volumetric energy density of 2476 Wh L−1 (based on the volume of the composite) at a high sulfur mass loading of 7.5 mg cm−2 and lean electrolyte of 5 µL mg−1. The electrochemical performance is comparable to or even superior to the lithium‐ion and lithium–sulfur batteries reported in the literature. This study provides an effective strategy to design stable and high‐volumetric‐energy‐density lithium–sulfur batteries for practical energy storage applications.
Heavy TiS2/TiO2@MXene heterostructures simultaneously possessing superior adsorption capability and catalytic properties toward lithium polysulfides can be used as a cathode host of Li–S batteries with excellent cyclability and high volumetric energy density.
An active matrix‐type stretchable display is realized by overlay‐aligned transfer of inorganic light‐emitting diode (LED) and single‐crystal Si thin film transistor (TFT) with roll processes. The ...roll‐based transfer enables integration of heterogeneous thin film devices on a rubber substrate while preserving excellent electrical and optical properties of these devices, comparable to their bulk properties. The electron mobility of the integrated Si‐TFT is over 700 cm2 V−1 s−1, and this is attributed to the good interface between the Si channel and the thermally grown SiO2 insulator. The light emission properties of the LED are of wafer quality. The resulting display stably operates under tensile strains up to 40%, over 200 cycles, demonstrating the potential of stretchable displays based on inorganic materials.
All‐inorganic‐based stretchable active matrix display is demonstrated by integration of inorganic light‐emitting diode and single‐crystal Si thin film transistor. Overlay‐aligned roll transfer technique provides good integration of two devices on rubber substrate with outstanding electrical and optical properties. Furthermore, a serpentine‐shaped interconnector allows the effective strain division for stable operation of display over 40% applied strain.
This study estimates the association between the fall experience in the last 2 years and cognitive function and further evaluate the differences in this association between men and women and across ...different age groups. Data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing from 2006 to 2016 was used and 9279 research samples were included at baseline in 2006. To analyze the association between fall experience for the last 2 years and cognitive function, generalized estimating equation model and chi-square test were used. After adjusting for all confounders, those with fall experience were significantly associated with cognitive decline. With non-fall experience as reference: fall experience, B = -0.013 (P = .017). In the 64 years or less group, fall experience was significantly associated with cognitive decline (P-value: 0.006) to those with non-fall experience. In male group, with non-fall experience as reference: fall experience, B = -0.017 (P = .041). Fall experience in the last 2 years is associated with cognitive decline, especially in those 64 years or less and male group. Therefore, self-reported screening for fall experience might aid population-based prevention strategies for cognitive decline, especially in 64 years or less and male.
Aim
To determine the prevalence of drooling, swallowing, and feeding problems in persons with cerebral palsy (CP) across the lifespan.
Method
A systematic review was conducted using five different ...databases (AMED, CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, and PubMed). The selection process was completed by two independent researchers and the methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the STROBE and AXIS guidelines. Meta‐analyses were conducted to determine pooled prevalence estimates of drooling, swallowing, and feeding problems with stratified group analyses by type of assessment and Gross Motor Function Classification System level.
Results
A total of 42 studies were included. Substantial variations in selected outcome measures and variables were observed, and data on adults were limited. Pooled prevalence estimates determined by meta‐analyses were as high as 44.0% (95% confidence interval CI 35.6–52.7) for drooling, 50.4% (95% CI 36.0–64.8) for swallowing problems, and 53.5% (95% CI 40.7–65.9) for feeding problems. Group analyses for type of assessments were non‐significant; however, more severely impaired functioning in CP was associated with concomitant problems of increased drooling, swallowing, and feeding.
Interpretation
Drooling, swallowing, and feeding problems are very common in people with CP. Consequently, they experience increased risks of malnutrition and dehydration, aspiration pneumonia, and poor quality of life.
What this paper adds
Drooling, swallowing, and feeding problems are very common in persons with cerebral palsy (CP).
The prevalence of drooling, swallowing, and feeding problems is 44.0%, 50.4%, and 53.5% respectively.
There are limited data on the prevalence of drooling, swallowing, and feeding problems in adults.
Higher Gross Motor Function Classification System levels are associated with higher prevalence of drooling, swallowing, and feeding problems.
There is increased risk for malnutrition, dehydration, aspiration pneumonia, and poor quality of life in CP.
Resumen
Prevalencia de problemas de sialorrea, deglución y alimentación en parálisis cerebral a lo largo de la vida: una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis
Objetivo
Determinar la prevalencia de problemas de sialorrea/babeo, deglución y alimentación en personas con parálisis cerebral (PC) a lo largo de la vida
Método
Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática utilizando cinco bases de datos diferentes (AMED, CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE y PubMed). El proceso de selección fue completado por dos investigadores independientes y la calidad metodológica de los estudios incluidos se evaluó utilizando las directrices STROBE y AXIS. Se realizó un metaanálisis para determinar las estimaciones de prevalencia agrupadas en problemas de babeo, deglución y alimentación con análisis de grupos estratificados por tipo de evaluación y nivel del Sistema de Clasificación de la Función Motora Gruesa.
Resultados
Se incluyeron un total de 42 estudios. Se observaron variaciones sustanciales en las medidas y variables de resultados seleccionadas, y los datos sobre adultos fueron limitados. Las estimaciones de prevalencia agrupadas determinadas por metaanálisis fueron tan altas como 44,0% (intervalo de confianza IC del 95% 35,6–52,7) para babeo, 50,4% (IC 95% 36,0–64,8) para problemas de deglución y 53,5 % (IC 95% 40,7–65,9) para problemas de alimentación. Los análisis de grupo para el tipo de evaluaciones no fueron significativos; sin embargo, el funcionamiento más severo en PC se asoció con problemas concomitantes de aumento de sialorrea, deglución y de la alimentación.
Interpretación
Problemas relacionados con sialorrea, tragar, y de alimentación son muy comunes en personas con PC. En consecuencia, ellos experimentan mayores riesgos de desnutrición y deshidratación, neumonía por aspiración y mala calidad de vida.
Resumo
Prevalência de problemas com sialorréia, deglutição e alimentação em paralisia cerebral ao longo da vida: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise
Objetivo
Determinar a prevalência de problemas com sialorréia, deglutição e alimentação em pessoas com paralisia cerebral (PC) ao longo da vida.
Método
Uma revisão sistemática foi realizada utilizando cinco bases de dados diferentes (AMED, CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, e PubMed). O processo de seleção foi realizado por dois pesquisadores independentes e a qualidade metodológica dos estudos incluídos foi avaliada usando as diretrizes STROBE e AXIS. Metanálises foram realizadas para determinar as estimativas de prevalência agrupada de problemas de sialorréia, deglutição e alimentação, com análises estratificadas por tipo de avaliação e nível do Sistema de Classificação da Função Motora Grossa.
Resultados
Um total de 42 estudos foram incluídos. Variações substanciais nas medidas de resultado e variáveis selecionadas foram observadas, e dados em adultos são limitados. As estimativas de prevalência agrupada determiadas pela metanálise chegaram a 44,0% (intervalo de confiança IC 95% 35,6–52,7) para sialorréia, 50,4% (IC 95% 36,0–64,8) para problemas com deglutição, e 53,5% (IC 95% 40,7–65,9) para problemas de alimentação. Análises agrupadas por tipo de avaliação não foram significativas; no entanto, comprometimento funcional mais severo em PC foi associado com mais problemas concomitantes de salivação deglutição e alimentação.
Interpretação
Problemas de sialorréia, deglutição e alimentação são muito comuns em pessoas com PC. Consequentemente, elas apresentam risco aumentado de malnutrição e desidratação, pneumonia por aspiração e pior qualidade de vida.
What this paper adds
Drooling, swallowing, and feeding problems are very common in persons with cerebral palsy (CP).
The prevalence of drooling, swallowing, and feeding problems is 44.0%, 50.4%, and 53.5% respectively.
There are limited data on the prevalence of drooling, swallowing, and feeding problems in adults.
Higher Gross Motor Function Classification System levels are associated with higher prevalence of drooling, swallowing, and feeding problems.
There is increased risk for malnutrition, dehydration, aspiration pneumonia, and poor quality of life in CP.
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This paper proposes on-driving experience sharing algorithms at junctions in infrastructure-assisted vehicles-to-everything networks. For the purpose, a millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology is used ...because it provides multi-Gbps data rates which is helpful for handling users' short stay times at junctions and spatial reuse due to high beam directionality which is helpful for interference-avoidance among densely deployed vehicles at junctions. To realize on-driving experience sharing, the proposed algorithms focus on joint resource allocation and scheduling for 3GPP-compliant multiple unicast vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications where the vehicles are group leaders (GLs) in 3GPP Mode 4(d). The resource allocation stands for the roadside unit (RSU) allocation to scheduled V2V GL links where RSU is essentially required for overcoming blockage by establishing two-hop relaying. Because vehicles stay for short times at junctions, this paper designs two algorithms without or with delay considerations. Without delay considerations, the joint optimization of RSU allocation and scheduling was originally formulated as mixed 0-1 non-convex optimization. However our proposed algorithm reformulates the problem into mixed 0-1 convex optimization, which is computationally easier to solve. With delay considerations, our proposed algorithm dynamically controls video contents frame rates for time-average on-driving video sharing quality maximization subject to delay constraints, inspired by Lyapunov optimization. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that our algorithms can significantly outperform in a variety of scenarios. Furthermore, we conduct the cost analysis for the proposed algorithms in terms of capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operating expenditure (OPEX).
This paper proposes a cloud-assisted joint charging scheduling and energy management framework for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks. For charging the UAVs those are extremely power hungry, ...charging towers are considered for plug-and-play charging during run-time operations. The charging towers should be cost-effective, thus it is equipped with photovoltaic power generation and energy storage systems functionalities. Furthermore, the towers should be cooperative for more cost-effectiveness by intelligent energy sharing. Based on the needs and setting, this paper proposes 1) charging scheduling between UAVs and towers and 2) cooperative energy managements among towers. For charging scheduling, the UAVs and towers should be scheduled for maximizing charging energy amounts and the scheduled pairs should determine charging energy allocation amounts. Here, two decisions are correlated, i.e. , it is a non-convex problem. We re-formulate the non-convex to convex for guaranteeing optimal solutions. Lastly, the cooperative energy sharing among towers is designed and implemented with multi-agent deep reinforcement learning and then intelligent energy sharing can be realized. We can observe that the two methods are related and it should be managed, coordinated, and harmonized by a centralized orchestration manager under the consideration of fairness, energy-efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Our data-intensive performance evaluation verifies that our proposed framework achieves desired performance.
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