Working processes in the technological sewing process are performed on machine systems characterized by machine-manual work, where the worker and the machine work simultaneously. Such a work system ...requires a great deal of responsibility in terms of quality, quantity, and the accurate and timely execution of tasks, which requires the quick and accurate response and extremely good psychomotor and visual skills of workers. This paper presents the process of determining the working method and normal times for the technological operation of runstitching women’s blouse collars, which includes the design of an ergonomically designed workplace, the selection and technical equipment of the universal sewing machine and the determination of the optimal work method and normal times using the Methods-Time Measurement (MTM) system. The research results obtained indicate that the technical equipment of a universal sewing machine has a significant impact on the structure of the technological sewing operation and the working method, i.e. the number of auxiliary manual technological suboperations. Improving technical equipment, i.e. increasing the number of automated functions used on a universal sewing machine, reduces the number of auxiliary manual suboperations, reduces the time required to perform the technological operation and increases work productivity.
SAŽETAK: U proizvodnim procesima odjevne industrije često dolazi do oboljenja mišićno-koštanog sustava prilikom izvođenja tehnoloških operacija u nepovoljnom radnom položaju i uz ponavljajuće ...izvođenje radnog zadatka. Stoga su razvijene metode za analizu radnog opterećenja s ciljem otkrivanja nepovoljnih radnih položaja tijela, gornjih i donjih udova. U radu su za analizu radnih uvjeta i radnih položaja korištene OADM (sloven. Ocenjevalna metoda delovnega mjesta) i OWAS (eng. Ovaco Working Analysing System) metode prilikom izvođenja tehnološke operacije sastava gornjeg i donjeg rukava na ženskoj jakni u tehnološkom procesu šivanja odjeće. Podaci dobiveni metodama upućuju na visok stupanj motoričke koordinacije tijela, ruku i nogu, pri čemu dolazi do prisilnih položaja tijela i glave kao posljedica nepovoljnih položaja sjedenja, neusklađenosti dimenzija radnog prostora, neadekvatne metode rada te nepovoljnih stanja radne okoline. Stoga je dan prijedlog za preoblikovanje radnog mjesta u skladu s tjelesnom visinom radnice, čime bi se smanjilo radno opterećenje i zamor radnice.
SUMMARY: In the garment industry the muscular and skeletal systems are subject to medical disorders due to specific the body posture during work which is aggravated by repetitious tasks. Methods have been developed to study the strain in question with the aim to identify bad body posture and improper position of the upper and lower extremities. The analysis is based on the method proposed by OWAS (Ovaco Working Analysing System), in particular for the stage involving the sewing together of the upper and lower sleeve on a women's jacket. The results indicate a high level of needed motor coordination of the body, arms and legs, whereby forced positioning of the body and head are the result of improper sitting, bad physical dimensions of the work space, inadequate work method and unfavourable working environment. A proposal is offered on how to redesign the workplace to suit the height of the worker thus reducing strain and fatigue.
The paper presents the application of MTM, RAV and ZAK methods in the determination of working methods and time norms for the technological process of sewing. The technological operation of sewing ...the back sleeve seam on a men’s jacket is used for the study. The paper presents the designed workplace in a real production process. In addition, the appropriate working method and the time norm are determined using the MTM (Method Time Measurement), RAV (determination of sewing time for straight seams) and ZAK (determination of sewing time for curved seams) methods. The aim of the study was to combine the methods for determining different types of time (manual, machine-hand and machine) for performing technological operations and precisely calculate the time norms. For the described methods of determining the production time, computer programs were developed that speed up the calculation of the time norm. If the working method is defined in advance and the characteristics of the sewing machine are known, the time norm for each technological operation can be determined in advance. Based on these calculations, it is possible to determine the total time for the production of clothing in advance and thus to plan and schedule the production process and plan the delivery dates to customers. The results show that the technical equipment of the sewing machine and the working method have an influence on the structure of the technological sewing process. By choosing an appropriate working method, the workload and fatigue of the workers is reduced, as an appropriate number of auxiliary hand sub-operations are used. In this way, the appropriate time required to perform the technological operation is achieved.
Gašenje požara električnog vozila predstavlja veliki problem s obzirom da se u njemu uglavnom nalazi litij-ionska baterija za koju još nije utvrđena i razrađena taktika gašenja. U radu je metodom ...anketnog upitnika zatvorenog tipa provedeno istraživanje o poznavanju taktika gašenja električnog vozila. Anketni upitnik sastoji se od 19 pitanja, pri čemu su obuhvaćena opća pitanja te pitanja koja se odnose na svojstva i funkcije baterija u električnim vozilima, postupci i sredstva za gašenje požara. Analizom dobivenih rezultata utvrđeno je da vatrogasci imaju premalo znanja o gašenju požara na električnom vozilu te su im potrebne edukacije o gašenju požara na električnom vozilu. Prema mišljenju ispitanika, najbolji oblik suradnje je suradnja s proizvođačima električnih vozila.
Fire extinguishing in the case of electric vehicles constitutes a considerable problem due to the lithium-ion battery built into such vehicles for which no suitable strategy of fire extinguishing has yet been developed. Using a closed-type questionnaire, a study was conducted to determine the level of knowledge on how to extinguish a fire on an electric vehicle. The questionnaire constituted 19 questions, from general to those on the properties and functions of the battery in electric vehicles, as well as questions on the procedures and means for fire extinguishing. The results have shown that firefighters have only a limited knowledge of how to deal with a fire on electric vehicles, meaning that special training is needed on these matters. Guided by the opinions of the subjects in the study, the best form of co-operation is directly with the manufacturers of electric vehicles.
U tehnološkim procesima proizvodnje odjeće često dolazi do opterećenja i zamora radnika zbog rada u nepovoljnom radnom položaju uz ponavljajuće izvođenje radnog zadatka, pri čemu je prisutan visok ...stupanj motoričke koordinacije tijela, ruku i nogu, prisilni položaji tijela i glave kao posljedica neusklađenosti dimenzija radnog prostora, nepovoljne radne metode te nepovoljnih stanja radne okoline. U radu je dan pregled karakteristika rada u procesima proizvodnje odjeće, uzroka opterećenja radnika kao i posljedice koje nastaju zbog opterećenja te kako djeluju na zdravlje radnika i produktivnost rada. U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja opterećenja radnice pri izvođenju tehnološke operacije u realnom proizvodnom procesu korištenjem RULA, REBA i SMART metode. Analizom rezultata utvrđeno je operećenje radnice te su dane smjernice za smanjenje radnog opterećenja.
Technological processes in the garment industry cause strain and fatigue as workers assume improper postures to maintain the motor co-ordination of the body, arms and legs, with forced posturing of the body and head. All this is due to the unfavourable work method and poor working environment. The paper presents the characteristics of the work process, the causes of strain and the consequences of the strain on the health and productivity. The results of the study illustrate the strain in the actual work operation using the RULA, REBA and SMART methods. The analyzed results indicate the level of strain and offer guidance on how to reduce the strain.
Abstract
In the melt electrospinning technique, the polymer melt is stretched under high voltage and the cooled to form microfibers structures with a fibre diameter in the tens of micrometres range, ...although some studies have reported values ranging from hundreds of nanometres to hundreds of micrometres. In this respect, this technique has significance in the biomedical field, where tissue engineering scaffolds with bimodal (nano and micro) fibrous structures are preferred in regard to cell adhesion, spreading and infiltration to final tissue reconstruction. This paper gives a review of recently reported melt electrospinning devices, especially those based on the direct writing principle, and of their comparison with the new melt Spraybase electrospinning device. The Spraybase device provides high precision melt jet deposition into 2D and 3D programmed architectures, with versatile translation speeds of the collector plate in the X-Y and the melt head in the Z direction. The melt spun fibrous architectures are designed depending on the types of tissue cells used in scaffold development.
Tehnološki procesi šivanja odjeće pripadaju zatvorenom tipu radnog mjesta s ustaljenim izvođenjem gdje radnik izvodi tehnološke operacije sličnih karakteristika. U tehnološkom procesu šivanja rad se ...izvodi u sjedećem položaju za šivaćim strojem, pri čemu radnik ručno i/ili strojno-ručno izvodi tehnološke zahvate. Tijekom izvođenja tehnoloških operacija radnik koristi ruke i trup za rukovanje izratkom, a noge za upravljanje gazilom šivaćeg stroja u kratkim intervalima uz kontinuirano ponavljanje tijekom cijele radne smjene čime je radnik izložen opterećenjima. Način izvođenja tehnoloških operacija ovisi o vrsti i karakteru izratka, vrsti i tehnološkoj opremljenosti šivaćeg stroja kao i uvježbanosti i vještini radnika. U radu su analizirani radni položaji radnika po tehnološkim zahvatima (uzimanje, međusobno postavljanje, šivanje, poravnavanje, odlaganje) na devet radnih mjesta u tehnološkom procesu šivanja korištenjem REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) i OWAS (Ovaco Working Analysing System) metode. Analizom dobivenih rezultata utvrđeno je da je na svim radnim mjestima prisutno opterećenje, što zahtijeva intervenciju na radnom mjestu u obliku preoblikovanja radnih mjesta. Preoblikovanje radnih mjesta obuhvaća pravilno projektiranje radnog sustava (čovjek-stroj-okolina) u skladu sa statičkim i dinamičkim antropometrijskim karakteristikama pojedinog radnika te određivanje povoljne metode rada čime se postiže niži stupanj radnog opterećenja i zamora.
Garment sewing is an industry with closed type workplaces where the workers continuously perform similar operations. The work requires sitting at a sewing machine, with the worker using his hands and performing machine-hand operations. The hands and the upper body manipulate the actual fabric and the feet/legs activate the sewing machine at short intervals that, when repeated for the entire duration of the working day, put a strain on the worker. The actual operations depend on the type and character of the garment, the type and technological performances of the sewing machine and on the worker’s skills for the job. The paper outlines the different body postures required for different operations (placing, lining up the pieces, sewing, straightening, depositing the garment in a suitable place) observed in nine different workplaces, using REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) and OWAS (Ovaco Working Analysing System) methods. The results indicate that strain is present in all the studied workplaces, thus requiring interventions in the workplace design. The redesigning of the workplaces involves also coming up with a correct design of the overall work system (man-machine-environment) in keeping with the static and dynamic anthropometric characteristics of individual workers, as well as implementing the most favourable work process in order to ensure less strain and less fatigue.
SAŽETAK: Buka djeluje na čovjeka višestruko štetno, pri čemu direktno ili indirektno oštećuje čovjekovo zdravlje, izaziva zamor i smanjuje radnu sposobnost, ometa govornu komunikaciju, odmor i san. ...Propisima i normama definira se prihvatljivo stanje buke za svaku konkretnu okolinu na osnovi postavljenih kriterija kao što je zaštita sluha u cilju smanjenja opterećenja i zamora radnika, te povećanje proizvodnosti.
U radu je istraživana razina buke u procesu strojnog punjenja boca vodom na tri radna mjesta opremljena računalno vođenim strojevima. Analizom rezultata dobivenih mjerenjem utvrđeno je da je ekvivalentna razina buke različita po radnim mjestima, pri čemu na prvom radnom mjestu iznosi 82,1 dB(A), te na drugom mjestu 83,1 dB(A) što zahtijeva uporabu osobne zaštitne opreme radnika. Na trećem radnom mjestu ekvivalentna razina buke iznosi 78,3 dB(A) te se nalazi u granicama dopuštene razine buke za tu vrstu djelatnosti.
SUMMARY: Noise has multiple harmful effects on people, with direct or indirect damages to human health, causing fatigue and lowered work capacity, and interfering with verbal communication, rest and sleep. Norms and regulations define acceptable levels of noise for each specific environment providing criteria for hearing protection, all with the objective to reduce load and fatigue and increase productivity. Explored in the paper is the level of noise present in the automatic computerised water bottling plant at three different work places. Analysed measurement results reveal that the equivalent level of noise is different at different work places, with 82.1 dB (A) at the first place and 83.1 dB (A) at the second, thus requiring the use of personal protection. At the third work place the equivalent noise level is 78.3 dB (A) which is within the limits of permitted noise for this type of production activity.
Jedan od temeljnih pokazatelja razvoja sigurnosti i zaštite na radu u nekoj društvenoj odnosno socijalnoj sredini u promatranom razdoblju je broj evidentiranih profesionalnih bolesti te ozljeda na ...radu u tom razdoblju. Analizom javno objavljenih podataka o broju prijavljenih ozljeda na radu u razdoblju od 2012. do 2017. godine utvrđen je trend kretanja godišnjeg broja ozljeda na radu u Republici Hrvatskoj. Poseban osvrt dan je na očekivana kretanja broja ozljeda u Karlovačkoj županiji. Utvrđeni trend porasta godišnjeg broja ozljeda na radu pokazatelj je kriznog stanja sigurnosti i zaštite na radu kako u Karlovačkoj županiji tako i u cijeloj Republici Hrvatskoj te ukazuje na potrebu planiranja, educiranja, kontroliranja i provođenja odgovarajućih
mjera sigurnosti na radu u svim segmentima društva.
One of the basic indicators of occupational safety development in a social environment in the observed period is the number of reported work-related injuries in a given period. The analysis of the published data on the number of registered work-related injuries for the period 2012-2017 identified development trends of the number of injuries in the
Republic of Croatia. The anticipated developments in the number of injuries were analysed with special focus on the County of Karlovac. The
identified increasing trend in work-related injuries on a yearly level points to a crisis in occupational safety, both in the County of Karlovac and in the Republic of Croatia, which highlights the need for more responsible planning, training, implementation and monitoring of occupational safety in all segments of society.
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