Abstract
Rhet. Her.
1.2
quoad eius fieri poterit
contains the surprising reading
quoad eius.
Earlier scholarship has debated the authenticity of this reading and its relationship to
quod eius.
A ...survey of the sources shows that
quod eius
appears in a number of inscriptions as well as in the transmitted text of nine passages within surviving Latin literature. So that phrase must be authentic; it appears to have arisen as a limiting formula in the language of the law. In two other passages,
quoad eius
appears in inferior manuscripts that lack authority, while the reading transmitted by authoritative textual sources is
quod eius. Rhet. Her.
1.2 is the only passage in which
quoad eius
is the transmitted reading. This phrase is also linguistically problematic. Hence it is very likely to be corrupt. It probably arose as a conflation of
quod eius
with
quoad
, both of which are attested in similar contexts. On balance, it seems more likely that the original reading in this passage was
quoad.
•New formula predicts temperature in ductile shear zones formed by thermal softening.•New localization criterion is based on heat transfer across shear zone.•Thermal thickness of shear zone is ...considerably larger than finite strain thickness.•We numerically model 1D, 2D and 3D shear zones under pure and simple shear.•Thermal softening likely responsible for ductile strain localization in lithosphere.
The generation of ductile shear zones is essential for the formation of tectonic plate boundaries, such as subduction or strike-slip zones. However, the primary mechanism of ductile strain localization is still contentious. We study here the spontaneous generation of ductile shear zones by thermal softening using thermo-mechanical numerical simulations for linear and power-law viscous flow in one-dimension (1D), 2D and 3D. All models are velocity-driven. The 1D model exhibits bulk simple shear whereas the 2D and 3D models exhibit bulk pure shear. The initial conditions include a small temperature perturbation in otherwise homogeneous material. We use a series of 1D simulations to determine a new analytical formula which predicts the temperature evolution inside the shear zone. This temperature prediction requires knowledge of only the boundary velocity, flow law and thermal parameters, but no a priori information about the shear zone itself, such as thickness, stress and strain rate. The prediction is valid for 1D, 2D and 3D shear zones in bulk pure and simple shear. The results show that shear heating dominates over conductive cooling if the relative temperature increase is >50°C. The temperature variation induced by the shear zone is nearly one order of magnitude wider than the corresponding finite strain variation so that no significant temperature variation occurs between shear zone and wall rock. Applying typical flow laws for lithospheric rocks shows that shear zone generation by thermal softening occurs for typical plate tectonic velocities of few cm.yr−1 or strain rates between 10−16 and 10−14 s−1. Shear stresses larger than 200 MPa can already cause strain localization. The results indicate that thermal softening is a feasible mechanism for spontaneous ductile shear zone generation in the lithosphere and may be one of the primary mechanisms of lithospheric strain localization.
Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) and ultra-wideband (UWB) ranging are two central research topics in the field of positioning and navigation. In this study, a GNSS/UWB fusion method is ...investigated in GNSS-challenged environments or for the transition between outdoor and indoor environments. UWB augments the GNSS positioning solution in these environments. GNSS stop-and-go measurements were carried out simultaneously to UWB range observations within the network of grid points used for testing. The influence of UWB range measurements on the GNSS solution is examined with three weighted least squares (WLS) approaches. The first WLS variant relies solely on the UWB range measurements. The second approach includes a measurement model that utilizes GNSS only. The third model fuses both approaches into a single multi-sensor model. As part of the raw data evaluation, static GNSS observations processed with precise ephemerides were used to define the ground truth. In order to extract the grid test points from the collected raw data in the measured network, clustering methods were applied. A self-developed clustering approach extending density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) was employed for this purpose. The results of the GNSS/UWB fusion approach show an improvement in positioning performance compared to the UWB-only approach, in the range of a few centimeters to the decimeter level when grid points were placed within the area enclosed by the UWB anchor points. However, grid points outside this area indicated a decrease in accuracy in the range of about 90 cm. The precision generally remained within 5 cm for points located within the anchor points.
The procedure is practically an optimization method, during which it is assumed that the gamma dose values detected at different points above the area come from the background radiation and from a ...single source found in the area. Accordingly, the procedure searches within the area for a geographical coordinate for which the distance law for the spatial propagation of radiation will be true. In order to validate the procedure, we performed measurements in a test area in such a way that all parameters of the source, including its location, were well defined. However, these data were not taken into account during the processing, i.e., the search procedure did not have these data. We can estimate the radiation position without a positional parameter. The exact coordinate and the intensity of the radiating sample were only used when checking the results. We have also applied the method to the raw data of our experiments carried out in the past if we used one source for them. The results confirmed our assumptions. The method is suitable for determining the starting parameters of more complex processes that can even detect multiple sources, but assuming one source, it has proven to be a reliable analytical method on its own.
Purpose of Review
RNA therapeutics are a new and rapidly expanding class of drugs to prevent or treat a wide spectrum of diseases. We discuss the defining characteristics of the diverse family of ...molecules under the RNA therapeutics umbrella.
Recent Findings
RNA therapeutics are designed to regulate gene expression in a transient manner. For example, depending upon the strategy employed, RNA therapies offer the versatility to replace, supplement, correct, suppress, or eliminate the expression of a targeted gene. RNA therapies include antisense nucleotides, microRNAs and small interfering RNAs, RNA aptamers, and messenger RNAs. Further, we discuss the mechanism(s) by which different RNA therapies either reduce or increase the expression of their targets.
Summary
We review the RNA therapeutics approved (and those in trials) to treat cardiovascular indications. RNA-based therapeutics are a new, rapidly growing class of drugs that will offer new alternatives for an increasing array of cardiovascular conditions.
Cytoplasmic capping returns a cap to specific mRNAs, thus protecting uncapped RNAs from decay. Prior to the identification of cytoplasmic capping, uncapped mRNAs were thought to be degraded. Here, we ...test whether long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are substrates of the cytoplasmic capping enzyme (cCE). The subcellular localisation of 14 lncRNAs associated with sarcomas were examined in U2OS osteosarcoma cells. We used 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) to assay uncapped forms of these lncRNAs. Inhibiting cytoplasmic capping elevated uncapped forms of selected lncRNAs indicating a plausible role of cCE in targeting them. Analysis of published cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) data shows increased prevalence of certain 5’‐RACE cloned sequences, suggesting that these uncapped lncRNAs are targets of cytoplasmic capping.
This study reveals that a subset of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) act as substrates for the cytoplasmic capping complex. Uncapped forms of these lncRNAs, as detected by 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5′ RACE) assays, increased when cytoplasmic capping was blocked. Furthermore, sequencing of the RACE amplicons mapped the uncapped ends of these transcripts with single‐nucleotide resolution, indicating plausible lncRNA recapping sites.
SUMMARY
We present 2-D numerical simulations of convergence at a hyperextended passive margin with exhumed subcontinental mantle. We consider viscoelasto-plastic deformation, heat transfer and ...thermomechanical coupling by shear heating and associated thermal softening due to temperature dependent viscosity. The simulations show subduction initiation for convergence velocities of 2 cm yr−1, initial Moho temperatures of 525 °C and maximal deviatoric stresses of ca. 800 MPa, around the Moho, prior to localization. Subduction initiates in the region with thinned continental crust and is controlled by a thermally activated ductile shear zone in the mantle lithosphere. The shear zone temperature can be predicted with a recently published analytical expression. The criterion for subduction initiation is a temperature difference of at least 225 °C between predicted temperature and initial Moho temperature. The modelled forced subduction broadly agrees with geological data and reconstructions of subduction during closure of the Piemont-Liguria basin, caused by convergence of the European and Adriatic plates during the Alpine orogeny.
Polycomb Group (PcG) and Trithorax Group (TrxG) proteins are key epigenetic regulators of global transcription programs. Their antagonistic chromatin-modifying activities modulate the expression of ...many genes and affect many biological processes. Here we report that heterozygous mutations in two core subunits of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), the histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27)-specific methyltransferase E(Z) and its partner, the H3 binding protein ESC, increase longevity and reduce adult levels of trimethylated H3K27 (H3K27me3). Mutations in trithorax (trx), a well known antagonist of Polycomb silencing, elevate the H3K27me3 level of E(z) mutants and suppress their increased longevity. Like many long-lived mutants, E(z) and esc mutants exhibit increased resistance to oxidative stress and starvation, and these phenotypes are also suppressed by trx mutations. This suppression strongly suggests that both the longevity and stress resistance phenotypes of PRC2 mutants are specifically due to their reduced levels of H3K27me3 and the consequent perturbation of Polycomb silencing. Consistent with this, long-lived E(z) mutants exhibit derepression of Abd-B, a well-characterized direct target of Polycomb silencing, and Odc1, a putative direct target implicated in stress resistance. These findings establish a role for PRC2 and TRX in the modulation of organismal longevity and stress resistance and indicate that moderate perturbation of Polycomb silencing can increase longevity.
This book examines Budapest's urban development, planning, and governance between 1990 and 2010. In the face of socialist urbanization's structural legacies, the recent radical decentralization of ...government and resources and the impacts of a post-socialist war of ideologies, a trend is analyzed which leads to an urbanization mostly characterized by business-dominated development projects not integrated into any grand urban design. The author claims this outcome to be typical of the development of post-socialist cities and presents it in an abstract model establishing links between particular historical background conditions and the phenomena of Budapest's recent urbanization. With a conversation between Kees Christiaanse, Akos Moravanszky, and the author.
Biomarkers of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease Small, Aeron; Kiss, Daniel; Giri, Jay ...
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology,
2017-April, Letnik:
37, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a highly prevalent cardiovascular disorder accounting for a rising economic and social burden on aging populations. In spite of continuing study on the ...pathophysiology of disease, there remain no medical therapies to prevent the progression of CAVD. The discovery of biomarkers represents a potentially complementary approach in stratifying risk and timing of intervention in CAVD and has the advantage of providing insight into causal factors for the disease. Biomarkers have been studied extensively in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, with success as additive for clinical and scientific purposes. Similar research in CAVD is less robust; however, the available studies of biomarkers in CAVD show promise for enhanced clinical decision making and identification of causal factors for the disease. This comprehensive review summarizes available established and novel biomarkers in CAVD, their contributions toward an understanding of pathophysiology, their potential clinical utility, and provides an outline to direct future research in the field.
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