The mesoscale circulation along the west shore of Spitsbergen is largely controlled by the difference in temperature between the glaciers and surface sea temperatures. We describe how the mesoscale ...effect influences the atmospheric circulation patterns. The conducted research was based on reanalysis data, model data, and atmospheric measurements; wind data from different sources and scales were compared and analysed. We discuss the situations wherein the mesoscale effect can be identified by analysing the wind direction or its velocity. This study shows the role of the mesoscale effect on the wind in the Svalbard region. Different situations according to the atmospheric patterns taken from a catalogue of 21 circulation types for each day created for Svalbard are analysed and compared with cases of land-sea breeze type circulation for the 20-year period between 1994 and 2013. It is proved that even if it is not possible to distinguish this mesoscale effect based on the difference between local and large-scale wind directions, this factor can be observed by studying the wind speeds. It is claimed that as long as there are glaciers on Spitsbergen, there will be a mesoscale land-sea breeze type circulation controlled by the difference in air temperature over land and water.
A feed-forward neural network (FFNN) was used to estimate the monthly climatology of partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2W) at a spatial resolution of 1° latitude by 1° longitude in the continental shelf of ...the European Arctic Sector (EAS) of the Arctic Ocean (the Greenland, Norwegian, and Barents seas). The predictors of the network were sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS), the upper ocean mixed-layer depth (MLD), and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), and as a target, we used 2 853 pCO2W data points from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas. We built an FFNN based on three major datasets that differed in the Chl-a concentration data used to choose the best model to reproduce the spatial distribution and temporal variability of pCO2W. Using all physical–biological components improved estimates of the pCO2W and decreased the biases, even though Chl-a values in many grid cells were interpolated values. General features of pCO2W distribution were reproduced with very good accuracy, but the network underestimated pCO2W in the winter and overestimated pCO2W values in the summer. The results show that the model that contains interpolating Chl-a concentration, SST, SSS, and MLD as a target to predict the spatiotemporal distribution of pCO2W in the sea surface gives the best results and best-fitting network to the observational data. The calculation of monthly drivers of the estimated pCO2W change within continental shelf areas of the EAS confirms the major impact of not only the biological effects to the pCO2W distribution and Air-Sea CO2 flux in the EAS, but also the strong impact of the upper ocean mixing. A strong seasonal correlation between predictor and pCO2W seen earlier in the North Atlantic is clearly a yearly correlation in the EAS. The five-year monthly mean CO2 flux distribution shows that all continental shelf areas of the Arctic Ocean were net CO2 sinks. Strong monthly CO2 influx to the Arctic Ocean through the Greenland and Barents Seas (>12 gC m−2 day−1) occurred in the fall and winter, when the pCO2W level at the sea surface was high (>360 µatm) and the strongest wind speed (>12 ms−1) was present.
Light-absorbing aerosols (LAA) impact the atmosphere by heating it. Their effect in the Arctic was investigated during two summer Arctic oceanographic campaigns (2018 and 2019) around the Svalbard ...Archipelago in order to unravel the differences between the Arctic background and the local anthropic settlements. Therefore, the LAA heating rate (HR) was experimentally determined. Both the chemical composition and high-resolution measurements highlighted substantial differences between the Arctic Ocean background (average eBC concentration of 11.7 ± 0.1 ng/m3) and the human settlements, among which the most impacting appeared to be Tromsø and Isfjorden (mean eBC of 99.4 ± 3.1 ng/m3). Consequently, the HR in Isfjorden (8.2 × 10−3 ± 0.3 × 10−3 K/day) was one order of magnitude higher than in the pristine background conditions (0.8 × 10−3 ± 0.9 × 10−5 K/day). Therefore, we conclude that the direct climate impact of local LAA sources on the Arctic atmosphere is not negligible and may rise in the future due to ice retreat and enhanced marine traffic.
We analyse data series (1992–2013) of wind measurements from meteorological stations in Ny‐Ålesund and Hornsund on Svalbard and then have them compared to surface layer winds from the National ...Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis. We find significant discrepancies between the local wind direction and directions of wind compatible with the analysis of large‐scale pressure fields. We argue that one of the most important factors controlling wind directions in the Svalbard fjords is the difference in temperature between the neighbouring glaciers and surface sea temperatures of open waters warmed by the west Spitsbergen current. This creates atmospheric circulation patterns similar to the land breeze in temperate climates. We show that the frequency of simultaneous breeze‐type circulation events on the northern and southern fjords of Spitsbergen is highly correlated with sea–land temperature difference on monthly timescales. A Monte Carlo analysis of breeze probabilities rejects the null hypothesis of independent breeze events in both fjords. This result shows that breeze events are not independent where two fjords placed at opposite ends of Spitsbergen's west coast are concerned, and we also posit that the breeze occurrence is largely controlled by the synoptic situation. Such large‐scale wind phenomena should have an impact on air–sea heat fluxes to the east of Spitsbergen.
We analyse data series (1992–2013) of wind measurements from meteorological stations in Ny‐Ålesund and Hornsund in Svalbard and compared them to surface layer winds from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. One of the most important factors controlling wind directions in the Svalbard fjords is the temperature difference between the neighbouring glaciers and surface sea temperatures of open waters warmed by the West Spitsbergen current. In the figure, map of Spitsbergen, the main island of Svalbard archipelago with insets showing the two discussed fjords.
Abstract
We analyse data series (1992–2013) of wind measurements from meteorological stations in Ny‐Ålesund and Hornsund on Svalbard and then have them compared to surface layer winds from the ...National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis. We find significant discrepancies between the local wind direction and directions of wind compatible with the analysis of large‐scale pressure fields. We argue that one of the most important factors controlling wind directions in the Svalbard fjords is the difference in temperature between the neighbouring glaciers and surface sea temperatures of open waters warmed by the west Spitsbergen current. This creates atmospheric circulation patterns similar to the land breeze in temperate climates. We show that the frequency of simultaneous breeze‐type circulation events on the northern and southern fjords of Spitsbergen is highly correlated with sea–land temperature difference on monthly timescales. A Monte Carlo analysis of breeze probabilities rejects the null hypothesis of independent breeze events in both fjords. This result shows that breeze events are not independent where two fjords placed at opposite ends of Spitsbergen's west coast are concerned, and we also posit that the breeze occurrence is largely controlled by the synoptic situation. Such large‐scale wind phenomena should have an impact on air–sea heat fluxes to the east of Spitsbergen.
A feed-forward neural network (FFNN) was used to estimate the monthly climatology of partial pressure of CO 2 ( p CO 2W ) at a spatial resolution of 1° latitude by 1° longitude in the continental ...shelf of the European Arctic Sector (EAS) of the Arctic Ocean (the Greenland, Norwegian, and Barents seas). The predictors of the network were sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS), the upper ocean mixed-layer depth (MLD), and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), and as a target, we used 2 853 p CO 2W data points from the Surface Ocean CO 2 Atlas. We built an FFNN based on three major datasets that differed in the Chl-a concentration data used to choose the best model to reproduce the spatial distribution and temporal variability of p CO 2W . Using all physical–biological components improved estimates of the p CO 2W and decreased the biases, even though Chl-a values in many grid cells were interpolated values. General features of p CO 2W distribution were reproduced with very good accuracy, but the network underestimated p CO 2W in the winter and overestimated p CO 2W values in the summer. The results show that the model that contains interpolating Chl-a concentration, SST, SSS, and MLD as a target to predict the spatiotemporal distribution of p CO 2W in the sea surface gives the best results and best-fitting network to the observational data. The calculation of monthly drivers of the estimated p CO 2W change within continental shelf areas of the EAS confirms the major impact of not only the biological effects to the p CO 2W distribution and Air-Sea CO 2 flux in the EAS, but also the strong impact of the upper ocean mixing. A strong seasonal correlation between predictor and p CO 2W seen earlier in the North Atlantic is clearly a yearly correlation in the EAS. The five-year monthly mean CO 2 flux distribution shows that all continental shelf areas of the Arctic Ocean were net CO 2 sinks. Strong monthly CO 2 influx to the Arctic Ocean through the Greenland and Barents Seas (>12 gC m −2 day −1 ) occurred in the fall and winter, when the p CO 2W level at the sea surface was high (>360 µatm) and the strongest wind speed (>12 ms −1 ) was present.
Giardioza (Lamblioza) w Polsce w 2021 roku Gordat, Katarzyna; Kitowska, Wioleta; Sadkowska-Todys, Małgorzata
Przegląd Epidemiologiczny,
2024-May-20, Letnik:
77, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Giardiosis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoa Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia intestinalis and Giardia duodenalis), which causes gastrointestinal symptoms. Infection usually occurs ...through the ingestion of contaminated water/food or through contact with an infected person. In Poland, giardiasis is notifiable disease, acoording to the EU deffinition implement in the polish surveillance system.
The aim of this study is to asses epidemiological situation of giardiasis in Poland in 2021 and compare it to the previous years.
The assessment of the epidemiological situation of giardiasis in Poland in 2021 was performed on the basis of data from the annual bulletins "Infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland" for the years 2008-2021, data on individual cases collected for the purposes of epidemiological surveillance in the EpiBaza system and data from food-born outbreak investigations recorded in the Registry of Epidemic Outbreaks (ROE).
In 2021, 559 cases of giardiasis were reported in Poland (558 confirmed case, 1 probable case). There was an increase in the number of reported cases in comparision to 2020 by 56% and decrease to 2019 by 29%. Cases of giardiasis were reported in all voivodeships, with the highest incidence rate in Podlaskie voivodeship (9.1/100 000), incidence rate for Poland was 1.5/100 000. Giardiasis was diagnosed in patiens in all age group, the largest group of patiens were children (age groups 0-4 and 5-9). The hospitalization rate of patients diagnosed with giardiasis was 9.7% and was lower than in 2020, when it was 12.4%. As in previous years, no deaths from giardiasis were reported.
The number of cases of giardiasis has increased compared to 2020, but has not reached pre-pandemic levels. As in previous years, differences in the incidence by age and sex of people with the disease were noted when comparing data reported from Poland and EU/EEA countries.
Assessment of the epidemiological situation of giardiasis in Poland in year 2020.
The assessment of the epidemiological situation of giardiasis in Poland in 2020 was performed on the basis of ...aggregated data from the annual bulletins "Infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland" for the years 2006-2020, data on individual cases collected for the purposes of epidemiological surveillance in the EpiBaza system, and data from food-borne outbreak investigations recorded in the Registry of Epidemic Outbreaks (ROE).
The number of new cases of giardiasis reported in Poland in 2020 amounted to 358 cases (incidence rate 0.9 per 100,000 population) and was about 2 times lower than in 2019 (784 cases) and 2.5 times lower than in 2018 (928 cases). In 2020, there was a further decrease in the number of registered cases, but it was much more pronounced than in the preceding years. As in previous years, no deaths from giardiasis were recorded. The downward trend in hospitalizations continued and in 2020 they accounted for approximately 12.6% of all cases, in 2019 the percentage was 15.2% and in 2018 - 19.4%. Most cases met the definition of a confirmed case, with 1 patient meeting the criteria of a probable case. In 2020, 6 outbreaks of giardiasis were reported, which is a decrease compared to 2019 (12 outbreaks) and thus means a reversal of the upward trend occurring at least since 2017.
Data for 2020 should be interpreted taking into account the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, which could have resulted in changes in long-term trends, but in particular contributed to a strong decrease in the number of cases not only of giardiasis, but also of other infectious diseases. In 2020, almost all EU/EEA countries reported a decrease in the incidence of giardiasis similar to that in Poland. However, as in 2019, in 2020 Poland differed from other EU/EEA countries in terms of incidence by age and sex.
The aim of the study was to assess seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthcare workers (HCW) before introduction of vaccination, in selected areas in Poland as well as to identify ...potential risk factors and estimate the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 infections in this population.
The authors conducted a sero-epidemiological, cross-sectional study among HCW of 5 non-COVID-19 hospitals in Poland. The recruitment took place in December 1-23, 2020, all HCW at selected hospitals could volunteer into the study. All persons were screened with rapid SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG tests in capillary blood. In case of positive result, 5 ml of venous blood was drawn for confirmatory testing with ELISA assay. The authors estimated prevalence of laboratory confirmed anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody presence and examined factors associated with positive result. Cumulative incidence was estimated applying 2-source capture-recapture method to serology results and self-report of past infection.
Out of 1040 HCW included in the analysis, one-fourth (25.2%) received a positive result for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by ELISA test, the prevalence among women was 25.3% (95% CI: 22.5-28.4) and 24.6% (95% CI: 19-31.2) among men. The prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was the highest among respondents who declared home contact with a confirmed COVID-19 case, 43.9% (95% CI: 32.4-56.1). It was also elevated among those who indicated contact with patients with COVID-19, 32.5% (95% CI: 26.7-38.8) and business contacts, including at the workplace, 28.9% (95% CI: 22.5-36.3). The estimated cumulative incidence of COVID-19 infections in the population, using the capture-recapture method was 41.2% (95% CI: 38.1-44.2).
Healthcare workers remained at increased risk of infection largely due to work-related contacts with infected patients, although home exposure was also common. Estimated cumulative incidence is higher than the antibody prevalence, which indicates the need to monitor HCW for possible immunity waning, also post-immunization immunity. Med Pr. 2022;73(2):109-23.
The new SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) coronavirus causing acute respiratory disease COVID-19 (2019 coronavirus disease) detected in China in 2019 very quickly revealed ...its epidemic potential and was recognized as a global health problem. The situation caused by the rapidly increasing number of new cases and deaths due to COVID-19 required the rapid development of international recommendations and procedures to limit the spread of infections and ongoing monitoring of the epidemiological situation. In the field of epidemiological surveillance of COVID-19 cases, international organizations - WHO and regionally ECDC, have developed basic requirements for reporting data on newly detected cases of infection. In order to ensure the possibility of reporting new cases and activities undertaken by sanitary-epidemiological services in the country and to fulfill the obligation to report data to the European surveillance network, it was necessary to adapt the electronic system supporting epidemiological surveillance operations, for registration of suspected and confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections. This work presents the characteristics of the new COVID-19 module created as part of the central Epidemiological Case Reporting System and a preliminary evaluation of its usefulness for the purposes of combating COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS. The Epidemiological Case Reporting System is an efficient and adequate tool that can be adapted to newly emerging threats. In order to use the module to monitor the current epidemiological situation, it is necessary to integrate it with other systems collecting data about COVID-19 patients - ie. EWP and the clinical patient register.
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