For knowledge to benefit research and society, it must be trustworthy. Trustworthy research is robust, rigorous, and transparent at all stages of design, execution, and reporting. Assessment of ...researchers still rarely includes considerations related to trustworthiness, rigor, and transparency. We have developed the Hong Kong Principles (HKPs) as part of the 6th World Conference on Research Integrity with a specific focus on the need to drive research improvement through ensuring that researchers are explicitly recognized and rewarded for behaviors that strengthen research integrity. We present five principles: responsible research practices; transparent reporting; open science (open research); valuing a diversity of types of research; and recognizing all contributions to research and scholarly activity. For each principle, we provide a rationale for its inclusion and provide examples where these principles are already being adopted.
Abstract Institutions and journals both have important duties relating to research and publication misconduct. Institutions are responsible for the conduct of their researchers and for encouraging a ...healthy research environment. Journals are responsible for the conduct of their editors, for safeguarding the research record, and for ensuring the reliability of everything they publish. It is therefore important for institutions and journals to communicate and collaborate effectively on cases relating to research integrity. To achieve this, we make the following recommendations. Institutions should: • have a research integrity officer (or office) and publish their contact details prominently; • inform journals about cases of proven misconduct that affect the reliability or attribution of work that they have published; • respond to journals if they request information about issues, such as disputed authorship, misleading reporting, competing interests, or other factors, including honest errors, that could affect the reliability of published work; • initiate inquiries into allegations of research misconduct or unacceptable publication practice raised by journals; • have policies supporting responsible research conduct and systems in place for investigating suspected research misconduct. Journals should: • publish the contact details of their editor-in-chief who should act as the point of contact for questions relating to research and publication integrity; • inform institutions if they suspect misconduct by their researchers, and provide evidence to support these concerns; • cooperate with investigations and respond to institutions’ questions about misconduct allegations; • be prepared to issue retractions or corrections (according to the COPE guidelines on retractions) when provided with findings of misconduct arising from investigations; • have policies for responding to institutions and other organizations that investigate cases of research misconduct.
Achieving universal health coverage is the most important means to advance health and wellbeing during the next decade. Too many countries-and not only in low-income or middle-income settings-do not ...have a health system that provides “access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all”, as described in Sustainable Development Goal 3.8.1
Rethinking and reframing obesity Kleinert, Sabine; Horton, Richard
The Lancet (British edition),
06/2015, Letnik:
385, Številka:
9985
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The 2013 Global Burden of Disease Study, published in May, 2014, showed that 37% of men and 38% of women had a body-mass index of 25 kg/m2 or greater, a rise of 28% in adults and of 47% in children ...since 1980.6 An estimated 2·1 billion people are overweight globally.6 And while some developed countries have seen an apparent slowing of the rise in obesity prevalence since 2006, no country has reported significant decreases for three decades.
In the 2017 Global Burden of Disease analysis, high body-mass index (BMI) increased by 36·7% between 2007 and 2017 and by 127% between 1990 and 2017, one of the highest rates of increase among the ...risk factors assessed.12 High BMI accounted for 4·72 million deaths and 148 million disability-adjusted life-years globally in 2017, and was the fourth leading risk factor for mortality with further increases predicted.13 With an increase of prevalence in almost all countries, obesity has far reaching consequences for population health and wellbeing and no obvious solution, despite many reports and recommendations. Discussions on climate change and global warming are slowly beginning to take the effects on health, including on food insecurity, into account, but the pace of change and the emerging figures on greenhouse gas emissions are not encouraging.17 The 2018 Lancet Countdown on health and climate change concluded that “taken as a whole, the indicators and data presented…provide great cause for concern, with the pace of climate change outweighing the urgency of the response”.18 So, to address the global syndemic, a radical rethink of how we eat, live, consume, and move is paramount. At current trajectories of economic development, population growth, and food provision, it is estimated that by 2050 overall demand for food and animal-based food will increase by 50% and 70%, respectively, with further destabilising effects of deforestation, species extinction, and climate change acceleration.19 These predictions will affect the poorest countries most and within countries the poorest people disproportionally.
Introduction. Researchers' productivity is usually measured in terms of their publication output. A minimum number of publications is required for some medical qualifications and professional ...appointments. However, authoring an unfeasibly large number of publications might indicate disregard of authorship criteria or even fraud. We therefore examined publication patterns of highly prolific authors in 4 medical specialties. Methods. We analysed Medline publications from 2008-12 using bespoke software to disambiguate individual authors focusing on 4 discrete topics (to further reduce the risk of combining publications from authors with the same name and affiliation). This enabled us to assess the number and type of publications per author per year. Results. While 99% of authors were listed on fewer than 20 publications in the 5-year period, 24 authors in the chosen areas were listed on at least 25 publications in a single year (i.e., >1 publication per 10 working days). Types of publication by the prolific authors varied but included substantial numbers of original research papers (not simply editorials or letters). Conclusions. Institutions and funders should be alert to unfeasibly prolific authors when measuring and creating incentives for researcher productivity.
The Lancet Commission on liver disease in the UK, published in 2014 with annual progress reports, drew attention to the poor provision of services for liver diseases in the UK and made ...recommendations for improvement.1–5 In its final report, this Commission highlighted the “unacceptable failures” and the continuing increase in the burden of liver diseases with rising alcohol consumption and obesity prevalence.6 A new Commission focused on liver diseases in Europe, and building on the UK Commission's work, was started in 20187 and is now published.8 The report of the Commission, under the leadership of Tom Hemming Karlsen, Michael Manns, and Patrizia Burra and in partnership with the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), argues for a joint European approach to shift from a fatalistic, stigmatising, end-stage liver disease treatment concept to one that embraces prevention of liver diseases and preservation of liver health.8 The stakes are high. Additionally, large migration movements into Europe are expected to increase the number of people who have undetected hepatitis C and B virus infection with the additional difficulty of barriers to accessing care and treatment in many countries. To achieve protection and promotion of liver health more broadly, wide reaching public health policies, such as labelling of unhealthy food and minimum alcohol unit pricing, need to be implemented against commercial interests and political inertia or entanglement.
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