The effects of shift work on physiological function through disruption of circadian rhythms are well described. However, shift work can also be associated with specific pathological disorders. This ...article reviews the evidence for a relationship between specific medical disorders and working at night or on shift systems. The strongest evidence exists for an association with peptic ulcer disease, coronary heart disease and compromised pregnancy outcome.
Cascade
is a full hadron level Monte Carlo event generator for
ep
,
γp
and
and
pp
processes, which uses the CCFM evolution equation for the initial state cascade in a backward evolution approach ...supplemented with off-shell matrix elements for the hard scattering. A detailed program description is given, with emphasis on parameters the user wants to change and common block variables which completely specify the generated events.
OBJECTIVES To explore how metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) differ between shift workers and day workers in a defined population. Shift work has been associated with an ...increased risk of CVD. Risk factors and causal pathways for this association are only partly known. METHODS A working population of 27 485 people from the Västerbotten intervention program (VIP) has been analysed. Cross sectional data, including blood sampling and questionnaires were collected in a health survey. RESULTS Obesity was more prevalent among shift workers in all age strata of women, but only in two out of four age groups in men. Increased triglycerides (>1.7 mmol/l) were more common among two age groups of shift working women but not among men. Low concentrations of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (men<0.9 and women<1.0 mmol/l) were present in the youngest age group of shift workers in both men and women. Impaired glucose tolerance was more often found among 60 year old women shift workers. Obesity and high triglycerides persisted as risk factors in shift working men and women after adjusting for age and socioeconomic factors, with an OR of 1.4 for obesity and 1.1 for high triglyceride concentrations. The relative risks for women working shifts versus days with one, two, and three metabolic variables were 1.06, 1.20, and 1.71, respectively. The corresponding relative risks for men were 0.99, 1.30, and 1.63, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this study, obesity, high triglycerides, and low concentrations of HDL cholesterol seem to cluster together more often in shift workers than in day workers, which might indicate an association between shift work and the metabolic syndrome.
Objectives Recent research has suggested a moderate link between night work and breast cancer in women, mainly through case–control studies, but non-significant studies are also common and cohort ...studies are few. The purpose of the present study was to provide new information from cohort data through investigating the association between the number of years with night work and breast cancer among women. Design Cohort study of individuals exposed to night shift work in relation to incidence of breast cancer in women. Setting Individuals in the Swedish Twin registry, with follow-up in the Swedish Cancer Registry. Participants 13 656 women from the Swedish Twin Registry, with 3404 exposed to night work. Outcome measures Breast cancer from the Swedish Cancer Registry (463 cases) during a follow-up time of 12 years. Results A Cox proportional hazards regression analysis with control for a large number of confounders showed that the HR was HR=1.68 (95% CI 0.98 to 2.88) for the group with >20 years of night work. When the follow-up time was limited to ages below 60 years, those exposed >20 years showed a HR=1.77 (95% CI 1.03 to 3.04). Shorter exposure to night work showed no significant effects. Conclusions The present results, together with previous work, suggest that night work is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in women, but only after relatively long-term exposure.
Objective: The study examined the multivariate relationship between disturbed sleep and different work-related and background/life style factors.
Methods: 5720 healthy employed men and women living ...in the greater Stockholm area participated. A factor analysis of eight items provided one main factor: “disturbed sleep.” The data were analyzed using a multiple logistic regression analysis against the index disturbed sleep as well as the separate items “not well rested” and “difficulties awakening.”
Results: The results showed that high work demands odds ratio (OR)=2.15 and physical effort at work (OR=1.94) are risk indicators for disturbed sleep, while high social support is associated with reduced risk (OR=0.44). In addition, higher age (45+), female gender, a high body mass index (BMI) and lack of exercise are background/life style risk indicators. Introducing into the model an item representing inability to stop thinking about work during free time yielded the highest OR (3.20) and forced work demands out of the regression. With regard to not feeling well rested, the same significant predictors, except physical effort, were obtained, as well as for having night work and being married. In addition, the age effect was reversed—high age predicted
reduced risk of not feeling well rested. Difficulties awakening was predicted by high work demands, low social support, being male,
low age and smoking. It is notable that, whereas subjective sleep quality decreased with age, the difficulties awakening and feelings of not being well rested after sleep increased with age.
Conclusion: It was concluded that stress and the social situation at work are strongly linked to disturbed sleep and impaired awakening, that gender and, even more so, age may modify this and that the inability to stop worrying about work during free time may be an important link in the relation between stress and sleep.
The wear resistance of metal cutting inserts coated with metastable Ti
0.34Al
0.66N/TiN multilayers was tested in continuous turning of an AISI 316L stainless steel. The multilayers had periods of 25
...+
50, 12
+
25 and 6
+
12
nm (Ti
0.34Al
0.66N
+
TiN) with a total multilayer stack thickness of 2
μm. Inserts coated with monolithic TiN and Ti
0.34Al
0.66N deposited under similar conditions were used as references. The multilayer coated inserts show a decrease of wear with decreased multilayer period, both on the rake and flank face. The wear on the rake face was lower on all the multilayer coated tools compared to the references. Scanning transmission electron imaging and energy dispersive spectroscopy elemental mapping of a worn multilayer coating show decomposition of the Ti
0.34Al
0.66N to domains rich of Al and Ti. High resolution transmission electron micrography shows preserved epitaxy between the TiN and Ti
0.34Al
0.66N layers. The improved wear resistance of the multilayer coated inserts is discussed in terms of an improved thermal stability of the multilayer stacks.
► Improved wear resistance of arc evaporated Ti0.34Al0.66N/TiN multilayer coatings. ► Evidence of age hardening effects during metal machining. ► Decomposition into Al and Ti-rich areas reported previously only for anneals.
Abstract
Background
Shift work has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, there is a need for more studies to determine whether there is an interaction ...between shift work and other risk factors of CVD, thereby increasing the risk of CVD in shift workers.
Aims
To discern whether shift work and parental mortality from myocardial infarction (MI) or sudden cardiac death (SCD) interact to increase the risk of MI in men.
Methods
A case–control dataset was used to assess interaction between shift work and parental history of CVD, using death from MI or SCD, or death before age 65, on an additive scale. Results were reported as relative excess risk due to interaction, attributable proportion due to interaction (AP) and synergy index (SI).
Results
There was an interaction between shift work and paternal mortality from MI or SCD, when both factors were present SI = 2.39; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02‒5.6 and AP = 0.4; 95% CI 0.08‒0.73.
Conclusions
Paternal mortality from MI or SCD interacts with shift work to increase the risk of MI in men.
The study reports from an on-going study of tenants' view on energy retrofit. The first results, which are based on 27 qualitative interviews show a generally positive attitude to energy saving and ...environmental protection. However, many tenants are not familiar with the link between energy use and energy retrofit, and the idea of energy saving might oppose to the actual willingness to contribute. One important lesson from these preliminary results is that the project owners have overlooked the importance of informing the tenants about the energy retrofit and what measures that are implemented. This leaves the tenants to their own interpretation of the matter and in some examples a negative image is created. In order to transition from the idea of personal benefit from energy retrofit to a larger responsibility and willingness to participate to society at large, we suggest that tenants are invited to discuss energy retrofit and that they are properly informed about implemented energy saving measures.
Background. Evidence of an association between job strain and obesity is inconsistent, mostly limited to small-scale studies, and does not distinguish between categories of underweight or obesity ...subclasses. Objectives. To examine the association between job strain and body mass index (BMI) in a large adult population. Methods. We performed a pooled cross-sectional analysis based on individual-level data from 13 European studies resulting in a total of 161746 participants (49% men, mean age, 43.7years). Longitudinal analysis with a median follow-up of 4years was possible for four cohort studies (n=42222). Results. A total of 86429 participants were of normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9kgm-2), 2149 were underweight (BMI<18.5kgm-2), 56572 overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9kgm-2) and 13523 class I (BMI 30-34.9kgm-2) and 3073 classes II/III (BMI greater than or equal to 35kgm-2) obese. In addition, 27010 (17%) participants reported job strain. In cross-sectional analyses, we found increased odds of job strain amongst underweight odds ratio 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00-1.25, obese class I (odds ratio 1.07, 95% CI 1.02-1.12) and obese classes II/III participants (odds ratio 1.14, 95% CI 1.01-1.28) as compared with participants of normal weight. In longitudinal analysis, both weight gain and weight loss were related to the onset of job strain during follow-up. Conclusions. In an analysis of European data, we found both weight gain and weight loss to be associated with the onset of job strain, consistent with a 'U'-shaped cross-sectional association between job strain and BMI. These associations were relatively modest; therefore, it is unlikely that intervention to reduce job strain would be effective in combating obesity at a population level.
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