Case 13-2021: A Newborn Girl with a Neck Mass Koren, Dorit; Sparger, Katherine A; Shailam, Randheer ...
The New England journal of medicine,
2021-Apr-29, Letnik:
384, Številka:
17
Journal Article
The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature on the subject of linear growth in children and adolescents with or at risk for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).
Poor glycemic ...control in T1DM is associated with growth hormone resistance, and improving glycemic control can improve linear growth. Newer reports suggest that the increasingly popular very low carbohydrate diets, may reduce linear growth velocity.
Linear growth during childhood is a complex process regulated influenced by genetic, hormonal, nutritional and environmental factors. Linear growth may be impaired in children with T1DM, correlating with poor metabolic control; an extreme example is Mauriac syndrome. This decrement in linear growth appears to be driven in part by a reduction in growth hormone responsiveness, leading to low insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels. Improving glycemic control can lead to improved IGF-1 levels and linear growth. Other factors associated with poor linear growth in T1DM include celiac disease and dietary alterations, with early reports suggesting that very low carbohydrate diets, if not carefully managed, may increase risk of attenuated linear growth. This review examines the latest data regarding the associations between T1DM and linear growth in children.
OBJECTIVE: Sleep deprivation is associated with increased risk of adult type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is uncertain whether sleep deprivation and/or altered sleep architecture affects glycemic ...regulation or insulin sensitivity or secretion. We hypothesized that in obese adolescents, sleep disturbances would associate with altered glucose and insulin homeostasis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study of 62 obese adolescents took place at the Clinical and Translational Research Center and Sleep Laboratory in a tertiary care children’s hospital. Subjects underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), anthropometric measurements, overnight polysomnography, and frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT). Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and serial insulin and glucose levels were obtained, indices of insulin sensitivity and secretion were calculated, and sleep architecture was assessed. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to assess the association of total sleep and sleep stages with measures of insulin and glucose homeostasis, adjusted for confounding variables. RESULTS: We found significant U-shaped (quadratic) associations between sleep duration and both HbA1c and serial glucose levels on OGTT and positive associations between slow-wave sleep (N3) duration and insulin secretory measures, independent of degree of obesity, pubertal stage, sex, and obstructive sleep apnea measures. CONCLUSIONS: Insufficient and excessive sleep was associated with short-term and long-term hyperglycemia in our obese adolescents. Decreased N3 was associated with decreased insulin secretion. These effects may be related, with reduced insulin secretory capacity leading to hyperglycemia. We speculate that optimizing sleep may stave off the development of T2DM in obese adolescents.
Background OSA associates with insulin resistance (IR), hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia consistently in adults, but inconsistently in children. We set out to quantify the impact of OSA treatment upon ...obesity and metabolic outcomes and thus assess causality. Methods Sixty-nine children with OSA; mean age, 5.9 years (range, 3-12.6); 55% boys; and 68% nonobese (NOB) underwent baseline overnight polysomnography, anthropometric and metabolic measurements, adenotonsillectomy (T&A), and follow-up testing a mean 7.9 months (range, 2-20) later. Results Fifty-three children (77% of study cohort; 91% of obese children) had residual OSA (apnea-hypopnea index > 1 event/h) post-T&A. Fasting plasma insulin (FPI, 14.4 ± 9.4 → 12.6 ± 9.7 μIU/mL, P = .008), homeostasis model assessment-IR (3.05 ± 2.13 → 2.62 ± 2.22, P = .005), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (51.0 ± 12.9 → 56.5 ± 14.4 mg/dL, P = .007) improved despite increased BMI z score (1.43 ± 0.78 → 1.52 ± 0.62, P = .001); changes did not differ significantly between sexes or NOB and obese participants; however, post-T&A BMI z score rather than apnea-hypopnea index was the main predictor of levels of follow-up FPI, HDL, and other metabolic parameters. Higher baseline FPI and BMI-z predicted likelihood of residual OSA; conversely, on regression analysis, follow-up IR, HDL, and triglycerides were predicted by BMI z score, not residual OSA. Conclusions T&A improved IR and HDL, and residual OSA is predicted by baseline FPI and BMI z score, indicating a causal relationship; however, following T&A, residual metabolic dysfunction related to underlying adiposity rather than remaining sleep-disordered breathing. Finally, T&A cured OSA in < 25% of all children and only 10% of obese children; post-T&A polysomnography is indicated to assess which children still require treatment.
Aims
(1) To describe changes in arterial stiffness and heart rate variability (HRV) over a 5-year interval, (2) examine changes by sex and race–ethnicity, and (3) evaluate the risk factors associated ...with the longitudinal changes in arterial stiffness and HRV.
Methods
Participants with youth-onset type 2 diabetes enrolled in the observational follow-up phase of the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) clinical trial had arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, brachial distensibility and six indices of HRV measured 5 years apart. Multivariable linear regression models assessed risk factors associated with changes in the outcomes over time.
Results
At initial vascular assessment, the 304 participants were a mean age of 21 years, 34% male, and had a mean diabetes duration of 8 years. In more than half the cohort pulse wave velocity, augmentation index and HRV increased over 5 years (
p
<0.01). Brachial distensibility did not change. There were no differences in the 5-year change by race/ethnicity except for a single HRV measure, where non-Hispanic Blacks had greater worsening of parasympathetic function compared to non-Hispanic Whites,
p
= 0.008. Blood pressure was related to greater worsening in augmentation index and pulse wave velocity. Higher hemoglobin A1c over time was related to worsening pulse wave velocity and HRV.
Conclusions
Arterial stiffness and HRV worsened over 5 years. Blood pressure and glycemic control may be potential targets to influence adverse changes in arterial stiffness and HRV in young adults with youth-onset type 2 diabetes.
Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00081328
Insufficient sleep, which has become endemic in recent years, has been variably associated with increased risk of obesity, disorders of glucose and insulin homeostasis, and the metabolic syndrome; to ...a lesser degree, so has excessive sleep. This review summarizes recent epidemiological and pathophysiological evidence linking sleep disturbances (primarily abnormalities of sleep duration) with obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in children and adults.
•Insufficient sleep is common; 33% of adults and a majority of adolescents report sleeping less than the recommended duration.•Extensive epidemiological evidence links insufficient and, in some studies, excessive sleep duration with obesity•Insufficient and to a lesser degree prolonged sleep duration may predispose to type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome
Objective To compare lipoprotein profiles of prediabetic to normoglycemic obese adolescents. Study design Cross-sectional study of 95 obese, pubertal adolescents (12-17 years), who underwent oral ...glucose tolerance test, lipid panel, and lipoprotein subclass particle analysis (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy). Univariate and linear regression analyses compared prediabetic and normoglycemic groups. Results Of 95 obese adolescents enrolled in the study, 22.1% (n = 21) had prediabetes. They were similar to normoglycemic adolescents (n = 74) in age, race, body mass index, standard lipids, total low-density lipoprotein particles (LDL-P), and total high-density lipoprotein particles (HDL-P). However, prediabetics had higher concentrations of small LDL-P (714.0 ± 288.0 vs 537.7 ± 266.5 nmol/L, P = .01) and smaller LDL-P size (20.73 ± 0.41 vs 21.18 ± 0.65 nm, P = .003), than normoglycemic youth. Prediabetics had higher small HDL-P (18.5 ± 3.8 vs 16.6 ± 3.9 umol/L, P = .046), lower large HDL-P (4.49 ± 2.0 vs 6.32 ± 2.6 umol/L, P = .004), and smaller HDL-P size (8.73 ± 0.31 vs 9.01 ± 0.39 nm, P = .003). After adjusting for demographics, Tanner stage, and body mass index using multiple linear regression, all differences remained significant except for small HDL-P. After additional adjustment for Homeostasis Model Assessment–Insulin Resistance Index, only LDL-P size difference remained significant. Conclusion Obese prediabetic adolescents have a significantly more atherogenic lipoprotein profile compared with obese normoglycemic peers. Prediabetic adolescents may benefit from more aggressive interventions to decrease future cardiovascular risk.
Emerging evidence has assigned an important role to sleep as a modulator of metabolic homeostasis. The impact of variations in sleep duration, sleep-disordered breathing, and chronotype to ...cardiometabolic function encompasses a wide array of perturbations spanning from obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease risk and mortality in both adults and children. Here, we critically and extensively review the published literature on such important issues and provide a comprehensive overview of the most salient pathophysiologic pathways underlying the links between sleep, sleep disorders, and cardiometabolic functioning.
PDF
