U radu se razmatra mogućnost novog, interdisciplinarnog, neopoststrukturalističkog tumačenja romana Oriane Fallaci Pismo nerođenom djetetu. Polazi se od spoznaja poststrukturalističke teorije teksta ...te psihoanalitičkog feminizma, koji se proširuju rezultatima istraživanja iz područja stilistike i metrike. Na temelju kritičkoga čitanja teorijske literature te lingvističkom analizom odabranih ulomaka romana, opisat će se prisutnost specifične, metaforički prikazane, tzv. placentalne retorike, izraženo fonične i taktilne retorike, kojom autorica briše granice tjelesnog i psihološkog, stvarnosti i fikcije, teksta i konteksta. Ova neobična prededipska retorika, uronjena u biološka tkiva i tjelesne tekućine, predstavlja se kao kozmički vodeni prostor heterogenog, prostor unutar kojeg žensko tijelo progovara. Intimna komunikacija majke i njezina djeteta u utrobi, odnosno autorice i njezina nerođenog teksta, neobičnom kvantitativnom i kvalitativnom distribucijom interpunkcijskih i prozodemskih elemenata, fonetsko-morfološkim varijacijama, te subverzivnim pripovijedačkim bricolage tehnikama, predstavlja se kao simbol retoričke slobode, prostor odsutstva patrijarhalnih autoriteta, prostor pluralne, inkluzivne i fluidne, ženske i ženstvene tekstualnosti, unutar koje fizičko postaje metafizičko, tjelesno postaje grafološko, a pisanje postaje karnalna materijalizacija ljudskoga glasa.
The article examines the possibility of a new, interdisciplinary, neo-poststructuralist, interpretation of Oriana Fallaci’s novel Letter to a Child Never Born, based on the postulates of poststructuralist text theory and psychoanalytic feminism, expanded by the results of research in stylistics and metrics. The presence of a specific, metaphorically presented, so-called placental rhetoric, a pronounced phonic and tactile rhetoric through which the author erases the boundaries of the physical and psychological, reality and fiction, text and context, will be described following a critical reading of theoretical literature and a linguistic analysis of selected fragments of the novel. This unusual pre-Oedipal rhetoric, immersed in biological tissues and body fluids, presents itself as a heterogeneus cosmic water space, a space within which the female body speaks. The intimate communication between the mother and her unborn child, that is, the author and her unborn text, conveyed through an unusual quantitative and qualitative distribution of punctuation and prosodic elements, phonetic and morphological variation, and subversive narrative bricolage techniques, presents itself as a symbol of rhetorical freedom, a space freed from patriarchal authority, a space of plural, inclusive, and fluid, female and feminine, textuality within which the physical becomes metaphysical, corporality becomes graphology, and writing becomes the carnal materialization of the human voice.
Odupiranje Oriane Fallaci svakom obliku edipskog totalitarizma i hegemonije, kao i odustajanje od etabliranih žanrovskih konvencija, rezultira atipičnim žanrovskim entitetima s izraženim psihološkim ...otiskom autorice (Porzio). Takvi, formalno neodređeni, tekstovi prate program tzv. antiedipske estetike (Irigaray), unutar koje predvidljivost i cjelovitost, jedinstvo i totalitet, red i sustavnost ustupaju mjesto spontanosti i fragmentiranosti, varijabilnosti i mnogostrukosti, preklapanju i preplitanju. Aricò naglašava da je u Fallacinu slučaju došlo do formalnoga kreativnog nereda, do gotovo potpune fuzije stvarnosti i fikcije, nejasnog prijelaza pisane i izgovorene riječi, do preklapanja ekstradijegetskih i intradijegetskih razina, odnosno do uspostave čvrste semantičko-sintaktičke veze između autora i pripovjedača (167).Takva neuniformirana tekstualna struktura rezultat je nepostojanja univerzalnog i sveznajućeg, superiornog i nadređenog, autorskog sebstva izvan granica tekstualnog. Fallacina lingvistička kreativnost suprotstavlja se faličkom hijerarhijskom sustavu, koji podrazumijeva unaprijed izgrađen autorski identitet. Priklanjajući se poststrukturalističkoj metodologiji, koja autora i pripovjedača čini rezultatima retoričkih strategija, odnosno čini tekst nadređenim i povlaštenim pojmom (Cavarero), te odbacujući kanonski metodološki pristup (Aricò 171–173), izgovarajući, no istodobno i osluškujući tekst (Derrida, The Ear of the Other, 13), autorica subjekt pretvara u objekt, tekst u „verbalnu projekciju vlastitog sebstva” (Aricò 587).Fallacina autorska i pripovjedačka subverzija tekstualno pretvara u vokalno (Spinazzola), biografsko u autobiografsko (Rosa 77–80), stvarnost u fikciju (Aricò 167). Na tragu francuskog poststrukturalizma, Fallaci odustaje od afirmacije autorskog subjekta kao svemoćnog ekstradijegetskog identiteta, distanciranog od vlastitog teksta. Prema njezinu mišljenju, autorski je subjekt retorički konstrukt, uspostavljen hermeneutičkim procesima, trenucima u kojima subjekt teksta i subjekt čitanja zamjenjuju svoja mjesta (Aricò 172). Odustajanje od unaprijed izgrađene autorske osobnosti ukazuje na proces pisanja kao na proces rekonstrukcije vlastitog bića (Gusdorf 10). Putem pisanja, umetanja krhotina i fragmenata jezične stvarnosti, omogućava se (re)konstrukcija autorskog subjekta i njegovo/njezino pozicioniranje u odnosu na stvarnost koju opisuje (Cavarero; Battersby). Prema Cavarero, ovakve diskurzivne metode odraz su utjecaja ženskog i ženstvenog, a rezultirat će beskonačnim procesom jezične semioze (100–101). Fallacini tekstovi, nabijeni snažnim vokalnim pečatom postaju tako zrcalni prostor unutar kojeg se autoričino sebstvo mise en abîme efektom reflektira i umnožava, prostor performativnih jezičnih strategija (Finci 119).
Oriana Fallaci’s refusal of all forms of Oedipal totalitarianism and hegemony, as well as moving away from the already established genre conventions, results in atypical genre entities bearing a pronounced psychological stamp of the author (Porzio). These formally undefined texts follow the program of the so-called non-Oedipal aesthetics (Irigaray), within which predictability and completeness, integrity and totality, order and system give up their places to spontaneity and fragmentariness, variability, and heterogeneousness, overlapping and interweaving. Aricò emphasizes how in Fallaci’s case this resulted in a formal creative mess, an almost complete fusion of reality and fiction, a blurred transition from the written to the spoken word, an overlapping of extradiegetic and intradiegetic levels, i.e., in the constitution of a firm semantic and syntactic connection between the author and the narrator (167).This incongruous and asymmetrical textual structure is a result of the complete absence of the universal, omniscient, and superior author’s self existing outside the textual borders. Fallaci’s linguistic creativity opposes the phallic hierarchic system, which includes an already constructed author’s identity. Inclined towards poststructuralist methodology, which sees the author and the narrator as results of rhetorical strategies, i.e. sees the text as a superior and privileged term (Cavarero), as well as rejecting the conventional methodological approach (Aricò 171-173), pronouncing but at the same time overhearing the text (Derrida, The Ear of the Other, 113), the author turns the subject into an object, the text into a “verbal projection of her own self” (Aricò 587). Fallaci’s subversion of the author and the narrator turns the textual into vocal (Spinazzola), biography into autobiography (Rosa 77-80), reality into fiction (Aricò 167). In line with
French poststructuralism, Fallaci gives up the affirmation of the authorial subject as an omniscient extradiegetic identity, distanced from his/her own text. In her opinion the authorial subject is a rhetorical construct, constituted by interpretative procedures, moments in which the subject of the text and the subject of reading exchange their places (172). Giving up an already constructed authorial personality reveals the process of writing as a process of reconstruction of one’s own being (Gusdorf 10). Through writing, and injecting of pieces and fragments of linguistic reality, a (re)construction of the authorial subject is enabled, as well as his/her positioning related to the reality that he/she describes (Cavarero; Battersby). In Cavarero’s opinion such discursive methods reflect the influence of the female and the feminine and will result in a never-ending process of linguistic semiosis (100-101). Fallaci’s texts, charged with a strong vocal imprinting become, in this way, a mirror space in which the author’s self, by a mise an abîme effect, reflects and multiplies, a space of performative linguistic strategies (Finci 119).
U radu se razmatra koncept ženskog i ženstvenog pisma (l’écriture feminine), njegova priroda i podrijetlo. Nastoji se nadići pojam jednakosti, ali i različitosti, odnosno binarnih (o)pozicija, ...dihotomija. Služeći se psihoanalitičkim teorijskim pristupom, kreće se od pokušaja definiranja ženskog i ženstvenog. Potom se razmatraju i opisuju karakteristike ženske i ženstvene osobnosti, odnosno ekspresije, te načini na koje ženska seksualnost prodire, odnosno izvire, u/iz prostora tekstualnog. Također, koristeći se minucioznim analizama gramatičkih kategorija, ženske i ženstvene kreativne tekstualne strategije, izlaže se teorija o uskom i nedjeljivom odnosu spolnih i jezičnih rodova. Potom se, dekonstrukcijskom metodom, dovodi u vezu jezični položaj ženskog subjekta s procesima individualizacije, identifikacije, heteroseksualizacije te biseksualnog odnosa sa stvarnošću. Ukratko, nastoji se izići iz saussureovskog koncepta jezika te ponuditi poststrukturalističko tumačenje ženskog i ženstvenog diskursa.
The paper examines the concept of female and feminine writing, its nature and origin. It strives to surpass the concept of equality but also of diversity, i.e. binary (o) positions, dichotomies. Using the psychoanalytical theoretical approach, it starts from an attemptto define the female and feminine. Furthermore, all the characteristics of female and feminine personality, i.e. expression, are considered and described, as well as the ways in which female sexuality penetrates, i.e. emerges, into/out of the textual space. Also, using meticulous analyzes of grammatical categories, female and feminine textual strategies, the theory about the narrow and indivisible relationship between sexual and linguistic genders is presented. Then, practicing the deconstruction method, the linguistic position of the female subject is connected with the processes of individualization, identification, heterosexualization and bisexual relationship with the reality. In short, trying to get out of the Saussure’s concept of language, the work offers a poststructuralist interpretation of female and feminine discourse.
The article examines the possibility of a new, interdisciplinary, neo-poststructuralist, interpretation of Oriana Fallaci’s novel Letter to a Child Never Born, based on the postulates of ...poststructuralist text theory and psychoanalytic feminism, expanded by the results of research in stylistics and metrics. The presence of a specific, metaphorically presented, so-called placental rhetoric, a pronounced phonic and tactile rhetoric through which the author erases the boundaries of the physical and psychological, reality and fiction, text and context, will be described following a critical reading of theoretical literature and a linguistic analysis of selected fragments of the novel. This unusual pre-Oedipal rhetoric, immersed in biological tissues and body fluids, presents itself as a heterogeneus cosmic water space, a space within which the female body speaks. The intimate communication between the mother and her unborn child, that is, the author and her unborn text, conveyed through an unusual quantitative and qualitative distribution of punctuation and prosodic elements, phonetic and morphological variation, and subversive narrative bricolage techniques, presents itself as a symbol of rhetorical freedom, a space freed from patriarchal authority, a space of plural, inclusive, and fluid, female and feminine, textuality within which the physical becomes metaphysical, corporality becomes graphology, and writing becomes the carnal materialization of the human voice.
The paper examines the relationship between the sexual and linguistic and their mutual influence within the fields of political philosophy, linguistics, and theory of text, in selection from Adriana ...Cavarero’s work. First, we begin from the knowledge of poststructuralist text theory, psychoanalytic feminism and psycholinguistics, which are later expanded with the results from political philosophy with special emphasis on ancient texts. Cavarero’s texts are being analysed to describe the features through which the relationship between gender, sex and text is established. Through a critical exploration of Cavarero’s texts and previous theoretical discussions and the analysis results, a conclusion about the influence of the sexual on language and culture and the influence of language and cultural symbols on social and gender roles is reached.
U radu se razmatra odnos spolnog i jezičnog te njihov međusobni utjecaj unutar područja političke filozofije, lingvistike i teorije teksta, u pojedinim djelima Adriane Cavarero. Najprije se polazi od ...spoznaja poststrukturalističke teorije teksta, psihoanalitičkog feminizma i psiholingvistike, koje se potom proširuju rezultatima iz područja političke filozofije, s posebnim naglaskom na antičke tekstove. Analizom
odabranih ulomaka Cavarerina opusa otvorit će se pitanje odnosa rodnog,
spolnog i tekstualnog. Na temelju kritičkog čitanja Cavarerinih djela, teorijske literature i rezultata analize polaznih i ciljnih tekstova, donijet će se zaključak o utjecaju spolnosti na jezik i kulturu, odnosno
o utjecaju jezika i kulturnih simbola na društvene i rodne uloge.
The paper examines the relationship between the sexual and linguistic and their mutual influence within the fields of political philosophy, linguistics, and theory of text, in selection from Adriana Cavarero’s work. First, we begin from the knowledge of poststructuralist text theory, psychoanalytic feminism and psycholinguistics, which are later expanded with the results from political philosophy with special emphasis on ancient texts. Cavarero’s texts are being analysed to describe the features through which the relationship between gender, sex
and text is established. Through a critical exploration of Cavarero’s texts and previous theoretical discussions and the analysis results, a conclusion about the influence of the sexual on language and culture and
the influence of language and cultural symbols on social and gender roles is reached.
RhoGTPases regulate cytoskeletal dynamics, migration and cell-cell adhesion in endothelial cells. Besides regulation at the level of guanine nucleotide binding, they also undergo post-translational ...modifications, for example ubiquitination. RhoGTPases are ubiquitinated by Cullin RING ligases which are in turn regulated by neddylation. Previously we showed that inhibition of Cullin RING ligase activity by the neddylation inhibitor MLN4924 is detrimental for endothelial barrier function, due to accumulation of RhoB and the consequent induction of contractility. Here we analyzed the effect of pharmacological activation of Cullin RING ligases on endothelial barrier integrity in vitro and in vivo. CSN5i-3 induced endothelial barrier disruption and increased macromolecule leakage in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, CSN5i-3 strongly induced the expression and activation of RhoB and to lesser extent of RhoA in endothelial cells, which enhanced cell contraction. Elevated expression of RhoGTPases was a consequence of activation of the NF-κB pathway. In line with this notion, CSN5i-3 treatment decreased IκBα expression and increased NF-κB-mediated ICAM-1 expression and consequent adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial cells. This study shows that sustained neddylation of Cullin RING-ligases leads to activation the NF-κB pathway in endothelial cells, elevated expression of RhoGTPases, Rho/ROCK-dependent activation of MLC and disruption of the endothelial barrier.
Abstract
ARGONAUTE-2 and associated miRNAs form the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which targets mRNAs for translational silencing and degradation as part of the RNA interference pathway. ...Despite the essential nature of this process for cellular function, there is little information on the role of RISC components in human development and organ function. We identify 13 heterozygous mutations in
AGO2
in 21 patients affected by disturbances in neurological development. Each of the identified single amino acid mutations result in impaired shRNA-mediated silencing. We observe either impaired RISC formation or increased binding of AGO2 to mRNA targets as mutation specific functional consequences. The latter is supported by decreased phosphorylation of a C-terminal serine cluster involved in mRNA target release, increased formation of dendritic P-bodies in neurons and global transcriptome alterations in patient-derived primary fibroblasts. Our data emphasize the importance of gene expression regulation through the dynamic AGO2-RNA association for human neuronal development.
The placenta comprises a highly specialized trophoblast layer, which arises from the embryo and differentiates during embryonic development to perform specialized functions, e.g., synthesis of ...pregnancy-associated hormones, growth factors and cytokines. As there is no evidence of maternal acute-phase protein transplacental transfer and trophoblast plays an important role in regulating immune responses at the feto-maternal interface, the expression of acute-phase serum amyloid A (A-SAA) was investigated in human first trimester trophoblast and trophoblast-like JAR and Jeg-3 choriocarcinoma cells. We here show expression of cytokine receptors and cytokine-dependent induction of A-SAA in JAR and Jeg-3 cells. While interleukin-1α/β is a major agonist for A-SAA expression in JAR, tumor necrosis factor-α is the predominant agonist in Jeg-3. First trimester trophoblast and JAR/Jeg-3 cells further express the human homolog of SAA-activating factor-1, a transcription factor involved in cytokine-mediated induction of A-
SAA genes. A-
SAA1 and A-
SAA2 transcripts were increased in first trimester trophoblast during pregnancy weeks 10 and 12 suggesting that A-SAA plays a role during early fetal development.
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